HOW BAD THEORY CAN LEAD TO GOOD TECHNOLOGY: WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE IN THE AGE OF MIASMAS - Inventing for the Environment - page 251

10. Howard D. Kramer,“The Germ Theory and the Public Health Program in the
United States,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22 (1948), May-June, 234, 235.
11. Several theories of disease transmission vied for acceptance in the middle of the
nineteenth century. See J. K. Crellin, “The Dawn of the Germ Theory: Particles,
Infection and Biology,” in Medicine and Science in the 1860s, ed. F. Poynter (Wellcome
Institute of the History of Medicine, 1968), 57-67, 71-74; J. K. Crellin, “Airborne
Particles and the Germ Theory: 1860-1880,” Annals of Science 22 (1966), March: 49,
52, 56, 57; Mazyck Ravenel, ed., A Half Century of Public Health (American Public
Health Association, 1921), 66, 67.
12. Erwin H. Ackernecht, “Anticontagionism between 1821 and 1867,” Bulletin of
the History of Medicine 22 (1948), September-October, 567.
13. Stanley K. Schultz, Constructing Urban Culture:American Cities and City Planning,
1800-1920 (Temple University Press, 1989), 132, 133.
14. Introduction by C. E. A. Winslow to Lemuel Shattuck, Report of the Sanitary
Commission of Massachusetts, 1850 (Harvard University Press, 1948), 237; John Duffy,
The Sanitarians (University of Illinois Press, 1990), 96, 97, 137; Ellis, Yellow Fever and
Public Health in the New South, 7.
15. See Charles E. Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History
of Medicine (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 126, 127.
16. John C. Trautwine Jr., “A Glance at the Water Supply of Philadelphia,” Journal
of the New England Water Works Association 22 (1908), December, 421.
17. See Michal McMahon, “Fairmount,” American Heritage 30 (1979), April-May,
100, 101; Donald C. Jackson, “ 'The Fairmount Waterworks, 1812-1911,' At the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,” Technology and Culture 30 (1989), July, 635.
18. City of Philadelphia, Department of Public Works, Bureau of Water, Description
of the Filtration Works and Pumping Stations, Also Brief Historical Review of the Water
Supply, 1789-1900 (1909), 57-59; Michal McMahon, “Makeshift Technology:
Water and Politics in 19th-Century Philadelphia,” Environmental Review 12 (1988),
winter, 24.
19. Jackson, “'The Fairmount Waterworks, 1812-1911,”' 635; McMahon,
“Makeshift Technology,” 25, 26.
20. Joel A.Tarr,“The Evolution of the Urban Infrastructure in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth Centuries,” in Perspectives on Urban Infrastructure, ed. R. Hanson (National