Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Externalities of Transport Modes in Madrid
If we focus our analysis only on the accidents and the environmental part of the
total costs of transport, we see a very different picture both for urban and for met-
ropolitan trips
[26]
.
In both areas, rail modes (metro and suburban rail) present the lowest rate of
externalities. Then buses came second, and the highest externalities correspond
to cars.
In urban trips metro account only €1.7 per 1,000 passenger-kilometer (Table
6
).
Urban buses externalities are about €17.2 that is 10 times higher. Car and taxi reach
more than €43.7, almost 25 times more. Among externalities, air pollution is the
most important for urban trips. It accounts for about half of the car externalities and
a high share of the buses.
In the case of metropolitan trips (Table
7
), suburban rail accounts only €1.5 per
1,000 passenger- kilometer, the same cost as metro in urban trips. The other modes
have lower unit costs than in the urban part, due to less congestion in the suburbs.
However, trip distances are more than doubled: 18.1 km in the suburbs against 7.4
km for Madrid City trips. Comparing costs among suburban trips in the different
modes, rail based trips have again the best performance in externalities. Bus exter-
nalities are four times higher and those related to car trip externalities are 19 times.
The share of externalities corresponding to air pollution is still the most important, but
lower than in urban Areas. On the contrary, accidents are more relevant, with a cost
of €10 per 1,000 passenger-kilometer made by car.
Table 6
Urban trips. Externalities costs (€
2004
/1,000 passengers-kilometer)
Urban bus
Metro
Car
Taxi
Accidents
6.75
0.76
10.75
12.35
Noise
1.88
-
8.22
8.97
Air pollution
7.64
0.33
19.41
21.19
Global warming
0.87
0.62
5.16
5.63
Land taken
0.01
-
0.11
0.11
Total
17.15
1.71
43.64
48.26
Table 7
Metropolitan trips. Externalities costs (€
2004
/1,000 passengers-kilometer)
Suburban bus
Suburban train
Car
Accidents
1.39
-
10.64
Noise
0.79
0.02
3.07
Air pollution
2.96
0.32
6.69
Global warming
0.54
0.58
5.16
Land taken
0.37
0.54
2.44
Total
6.05
1.46
28.00
