Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4
Transport costs distribution (million €
2004
)
Economic costs
Externalities
Infra-
structures
Operating
costs
Travel
time
Air
pollution
Global
warming
Land
taken
Accidents
Noise
Total
Urban trips
229
3,431
7,325
124
56
137
33
1
11,335
Metropolitan
trips
154
2,358
7,322
239
53
118
82
40
10,366
Total
382
5,789
14,647
363
109
255
115
41
21,701
Table 5
Costs by transport mode,
2004 (
€
2004
/100 passenger-kilometer)
Urban trips
Suburban trips
Suburban
bus
Suburban
train
Urban bus
Metro
Car
Taxi
Car
Infrastructures
0.35
2.71
1.90
2.10
0.07
1.69
0.37
Operating costs
16.31
9.14
52.68
37.55
5.78
5.87
12.15
Travel time
56.71
44.26
42.79
48.60
23.29
23.68
23.18
Economic costs
73.37
56.11
97.37
88.25
29.14
31.24
35.70
Accidents
0.67
0.08
1.07
1.24
0.14
-
1.06
Noise
0.19
-
0.82
0.90
0.08
-
0.31
Air pollution
0.76
0.03
1.94
2.12
0.30
0.03
0.67
Global warming
0.09
0.06
0.52
0.56
0.05
0.06
0.52
Land taken
-
-
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.24
Externalities
1.71
0.17
4.36
4.83
0.61
0.15
2.80
Total
75.08
56.28
101.73
93.08
29.74
31.39
38.50
In other words, car is more competitive from the social point of view. Suburban
train and bus trips are less costly from a social point of view, but differences are not
big enough to influence a move in trips from car use.
We have to bear in mind also the average trips distances in each Area. Urban
trips made by public transport have an average distance of 7.1 km while car trips
are 7.9 km. This means that unitary costs in public transport are lower than in car,
and also trips distances are more competitive. In the Metropolitan Area we find the
opposite situation: average public transport trip is 21.4 km long, while in car it is
16.3 km.
The conclusion is that in urban areas it is possible to attract more trips towards
public transport modes, but in the suburbs this is quite difficult. Public transport is
a good competitor against cars in denser central areas both from the travelers and
from the social point of view. On the contrary, it has clear disadvantages when it is
operating in urban sprawl zones. In these Areas it is less competitive: longer trips
distances and higher social and economic costs
[15]
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