Introduction to Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste–Based Electrodes - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 9

substance(s)..Regarding.all.the.nonelectrochemical.and.electrochemical.techniques.listed.earlier,.
the.individual.applications.have.also.been.surveyed.(see.[83,84].and.references.therein).
To. summarize. the. 2000s. with. all. the. events,. it. should. be. added. that. the. end. of. the. decade.
saw. a. further. decline. of. interest. in. CP-biosensors—at. least,. compared. with. the. preceding. peri-
ods.[70,111]—and.practically.absolute.fade-out.of.solid.phase.voltammetry.with.CPEEs,.when.the.
respective.report(s).had.appeared.only.seldom.(e.g.,.[148,149])..Regarding.the.overall.activities.in.
the.ield,.however,.there.was.an.abrupt.increase.in.the.last.3.years,.for.which.there.are.two.evident.
explanations:.(i).stormy.development.of.both.CNTPEs.and.CILEs.(representing.around.150.publica-
tions).and.(ii).the.establishment.of.new.online.journals.that.have.quickly.become.a.pivotal.platform.
for.several.productive.authors'.teams.
1.2 FIELD IN PUBLICATION ACTIVITIES AND LITERATURE
Research. activities. in. the. development. and. applications. of. CPEs,. CMCPEs,. CP-biosensors,. or.
CPEEs.within.a.period.of.more.than.half.a.century.have.affected.practically.all.the.areas.of.theo-
retical. and. applied. electrochemistry.. In. some. aspects,. the. results. obtained. have. also. contributed.
substantially. to. a. successful. competition. of. modern. electrochemical. measurements. with. rapidly.
expanding.separation.and.spectral.techniques..Since.the.discovery.of.carbon.paste.until.now,.it.can.
be.estimated.that.the.terms.“carbon.paste”.or.“carbon.paste.electrode,”.respectively,.have.appeared.
in.2500-3000.original.papers.published.in.renowned.international.journals.or.local.periodicals.
Publication. intensity. had. run. in. several. waves. relecting. the. individual. periods. of. increasing.
interest,.the.times.of.the.real.boom,.as.well.as.some.poorer.years..To.illustrate.this,.one.obtains.a.
diagram.shown.in.Figure.1.1.
It.can.be.deemed.from.that.the.exponential.growth.in.the.last.three.decades.corresponds.to.
(i).dynamic.progress.in.the.area.of.chemically.modiied.carbon.pastes.during.the.1980s.and.in.
the.irst.half.of.the.1990s.[55,56,59,69],.(ii).similar.boom.in.the.introduction.of.various.carbon.
paste-based.biosensors.through.the.1990s.and.in.the.early.2000s.[70,81,82],.and.(iii).maybe.the.
most.dynamically.growing.attention.toward.the.new.carbon.paste.mixtures,.hand.in.hand.with.
relections.of.newly.synthesized.materials.in.all.the.CPE.conigurations.[83]..The.latter.is.particu-
larly.typical.for.the.past.few.years.[84,111,112],.when.the.renowned.Internet.databases.(e.g.,.“Web.
of. Science”. [150]). annually. offered. more. than. 150. abstracts. of. freshly. published. papers—see.
again.Figure.1.1.as.well.as.the.closing.remark.in.the.previous.section.
Regarding.the.spectrum.of.international.journals.publishing.a.majority.of.contributions.on.CPEs,.
CMCPEs,.and.CP-biosensors,.summarizations.of.publication.activities.with.the.chart.of.most.pro-
ductive.authors.and.teams,.the.highlights.among.the.original.papers.(“the.classics.of.the.ield”).with.
actual.citation.indexes.and.many.other.trivia,.such.material.has.been.reviewed.a.couple.of.years.ago.
[7].and.the.reader(s).is.advised.to.consult.directly.this.original.title.full.of.never-before.published.
data,.surveys,.and.statistics.
To.date,.CPEs.in.all.known.modiications,.conigurations,.and.variants.were.the.central.subject.
of.interest.in.more.than.20.review.articles.[2,7,55,56,59,69,70,75,81,82,84,111,112,151-160]..Among.
them.and.together.with.one.topic.chapter.[161],.solely.a.minor.part.represents.general.compilations.
that.have.covered.the.topic.as.a.whole,.which.is.obvious.for.the.irst.review.from.the.early.1960s.
[2].but.remarkable.for.the.others.[7,55,56,69,70],.when.the.ield.had.already.become.a.worldwide.
phenomenon,.covering.hundreds.of.papers..Thus,.it.is.quite.logical.that.a.majority.of.reviews.have.
been.arranged.more.speciically.and.framed.either.by.the.time.period(s).[75,82,84,111,155].or.by.
the. particular. (sub)area. chosen,. the. latter. being,. for. example,. the. case. of. a. survey. of. physico-
chemical.processes.at.CPEs.and.CMCPEs.[157],.food.[112].and.water.[161].analyses,.solid.phase.
voltammetry.with.CPEEs.[151],. in vivo .electrochemistry.[152],.potentiometry.[159],.pharmaceuti-
cal.analysis.[158],.and.electrochemistry.with.enzymatic.CP-biosensors.[156]..Most.of.the.reviews.
[59,81,152-156,158-160],. including. the. already. mentioned. ones. [75,151],. target. local. audiences,.
often. referring. to. the. regional. publications. and. presenting. the. papers. of. the. authors. themselves..