Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste–Based Electrodes, Sensors, and Detectors - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 238

TABLE 8.5 (continued)
Determination of Cadmium and Lead at Carbon Paste Electrodes, Sensors, and Detectors: Survey of Methods and Selected Studies

Type of CPE
(Modiier)

Technique
(Mode)

Measuring Principles (Method
Sequences)

Linearity Range
(LOD; t ACC / t R ) Ion, Species Sample(s) Other Speciication (Remarks) Ref(s)

Pb 2+ C/SO.(chitosan) DPCSV o.c..accum..via.biosorption

Cathodic.redn.

10-110.ng.mL −1 .
(2.ng.mL −1 )

Tap.water,.
pharm.,.
human.blood,.
pre.treated.
urine

s.e.:.0.5.M.HCl;.no.interfs..from.
Cd,.Tl,.Sn,.Cu.(at.10-fold.
excess)

[1710]

Pb 2+ C/PO.(unm.) DPASV o.c..accum..by.biosorption

Cathodic.redn.

2.×.10 −8 -1.×.10 −7 .
M.(5.×.10 −9 .M.
Pb)

environm..
samples,.
human.urine

Results.of.analyses.compared.
with.those.obtained.by.spectral.
method

[2272]

Cd 2+ C/PO.(phen-on;.

in situ )

2nd-DeLV accum..via.adsorption.of.

complex;.redn..and.anodic.
reoxidn.

6.×.10 −9 -2.×.10 −7 .
M.(3.×.10 −10 .
M Cd)

Water.samples Phen-on:.1,10-phenanthroline-

5,6-dione;.s.e.:.0.05.M.AcB.
(pH.4.7)

[2273]

Pb 2+ .(Cd 2+ ) C/SO.

(QPu-TU)

CV,.R ir .
SWASV

o.c..accum..via.chelating
el..redn./anodic.reoxidn.

0.005-5(0).mg.L −1 .
(0.2.mg.L −1 ;.
10.min)

Tap,.lake,.and.
wastewaters

QPu-TU:.thiourea-
functionalized.macroporous.
resin.“QuadraPure”;.30%.
(w/w).in.CP;.s.e.:.0.1.M.AcB

[1682,1684,.
2274]

Pb 2+ CP-μD.(+BiF,.

in situ )

DPASV,.
FIA

accum..onto.Bi.via.Me a Bi b .alloy.
formation;.reoxidn.

0.3-10.0.mg.L −1 .Pb.
(0.2.mg.L −1 ;.60.s)

Gunshot.
residues.(coll..
from.hands)

μD:.micro-detector.(as.low.
cell);.FIA.mode.with.MEx.and.
automated.standard.addition.
method

[2275]

Cd 2+ ,.Pb 2+ .
Zn 2+ ,.Tl +

C/SO.(+SbF,.
in situ )

PSA accum..onto.Bi.via.Me a Bi b .alloy.

formation;.reoxidn.

10-100.ppb.Cd,.
Pb (−)

Model.solns. Sb III .species.added.to.soln..serve.

as.(i).source.of.SbF.(ii).for.
chemical.oxidn.;.s.e.:.0.01.M.
HCl.+.KCl/KBr

[1994]

Pb 2+ C/PO.(TETAM) ASV o.c..accum..by.recognition.

chelating;.MEx.+.redn.
Anodic.reoxidn.

1.×.10 −8 -1.×.10 −5 .
M.(3.×.10 −9 .M.
Pb;.120.s)

Tap.water TETAM:.2-(4,8,11-tris-

carbamoyl-methyl-1,4,8,.
11-tetraaza-cyclo-tetra-decyl)
acetamide;.s.e.:.pH.10

[2276]