Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste–Based Electrodes, Sensors, and Detectors - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 230

TABLE 8.5
Determination of Cadmium and Lead at Carbon Paste Electrodes, Sensors, and Detectors: Survey of Methods and Selected Studies

Type of CPE
(Modiier)

Technique
(Mode)

Measuring Principles (Method
Sequences)

Linearity Range
(LOD; t ACC / t R )

Ion, Species Sample(s) Other Speciication (Remarks) Ref(s)

Pb 2+ ,.Fe 3+ C/PO.(unm.) LSV Electrolytic.accum.

Anodic.reoxidn.

1-8.×.10 −8 .M.
(0.001%Pb/Fe)

Cast.iron,.
stainless.steel

s.e.:.1.M.HCl.(pH.0);.selectivity.
Pb:.Fe.=.1:.5.×.10 4 .(by.
masking.Fe)

[2251]

Pb 2+ ,.Hg 2+ C/PO.(CEs,.

CR)

DPCSV o.c..accum..via.compl.;.MEx;.

cathodic.redn.

Micromolar.level.
(1.μM;.20.s)

CRMs.(water,.
urine)

CEs:.crown.ethers;.CR:.cryptand
CE(R)-CPE.also.sensitive.
to Hg II

[525]

Cd 2+ C/PO.( Dowex

50 W )

LSV,.DPV o.c.-accum..(ion-exchange)

MEx.+.cathodic.redn.

(1.ng.mL −1 ,.5.min) Sampled.air.

(atmosphere)

s.e.:.0.1.M.KNO 3
Air.sampled.in.smoking.area

[807]

Pb 2+ C/Nj.(chelating.

resin)

ASV o.c..accum..via.compl.;.redn.;.

anodic.reoxidn.

4-200.ng.mL −1 .
(1.2.ng.mL −1 ;.
10.min)

Rain.water,.
human.urine

Chelating.resin:. Amberlite
IRC-75
(a).AmAc.(pH.5),.(b).HCl.
(pH 1)

[808]

Pb 2+ C/SC.

[MeF−s-CPE]

DPV elec..accum..+.amalgam.

formation;.anodic.reoxidn.

0.01-250.μM Motor.oil.

(used)

SC:.silica.gel.composite.
(as solid-like.CPE);.without.
removal.of.O 2

[2252]

Cd 2+ C/PO.( Amberlit

IRC )

DPV o.c.-accum..(ion-exchange)

MEx.+.cathodic.redn.

(5.ng.mL −1 ) River.water.

(polluted)

s.e.:.(1).ammonia.buffer.(pH.9);
(2).0.1.M.HCl

[1737]

Pb 2+ C/PO.(crown.

ether)

CSV accum..via.compl.

Cathodic.redn.

Nanomolar.level.
(0.2.ng.L −1 )

Natural.waters,.
sediments

No.interfs..from.Mn II ,.Zn II ,.Cd II ,.
Tl I ,.Hg II ,.and.Ag I

[2253]

Pb 2+ C/PO.(moss.

Sphagnum )

DPASV o.c.-bioaccum..+.redn.

Anodic.reoxidn.

(2.ng.mL −1 ;.15.min) Natural.waters,.

tap.water

s.e.:.acetate.buffers.(pH.5.and.6)
CMCPE.regnt..in.0.05.M.HClO 4

[272]

Pb 2+ C/PO.(benzoin.

oxime)

DPASV o.c.-accum..+.MEx

redn.;.anodic.reoxidn.

1.×.10 −8 -1.×.10 −7 .
M.(8.×.10 −9 .M;.
10.min)

Wastewater Studies.on.accum..with. Cuproin

No.interfs..from.common.ions

[1349,2254]

Pb 2+ ,.Me n + C/PO.(CE) DPASV Intercalation.effect.of.CE.for.

Pb 2+ .ion;.redn.,.reoxidn.

Nanomolar.level.
(3 ×.10 −9 .M;.
5.min)

Model.solns. CE:.dibenzo-18-crown-6;.study.

on.structural.mechanism.with.
diff..Me

[2255,2256]

Pb 2+ C/PO.

(dithizone)

DPCSV o.c.-accum..+.MEx

Cathodic.redn.

20-520.μg.L −1 .
(17.μg.L −1 ,.6.min)

Natural.waters interfs..from.some.ions.elim..by.

masking.except.sulide,.S 2−

[814]