Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
In simple terms, the core of the planning process is built around answering
four questions:
O
Where are we now? (situational analysis)
O
Where do we want to be? (defining objectives)
O
How do we get there? (determining logical linkages and actions)
O
How will we know if we are on the right track? (monitoring and
evaluation)
We add to this the steps of starting and framing the planning process (initi-
ation) and implementation. We note also that adaptive learning (monitoring,
and evaluation) can lead to revising the plan - essentially starting over,
albeit from a more advanced position. In addition an over-arching part of the
process is engaging stakeholders and the general public.
For simplicity, this process is shown as a series of sequential steps. In
reality the process is considerably more iterative in nature, for example after
assessing sets of possible actions there may be a need to go back and review
objectives. Additionally the steps often overlap, for example with situational
analysis and setting objectives occurring in parallel, and likewise with
implementation and monitoring.
Revisions of plans are not always programmed. Frequently the aim is simply
to create a plan in the first place, and little thought goes into how long it will
remain unchanged and when and how it will be revised. This however makes
some brave assumptions: that the plan will work effectively and efficiently;
that the situation and available knowledge will not significantly change; and
that the government and community's objectives will not change over time.
For the purposes of this topic, we assume that revision in one form or another
is inevitable, and it is better to make adequate provision for it.
A short description of each of these planning steps is provided below.
Subsequent chapters give in depth treatment.
Initiation
Initiation involves establishing the planning processes and organising the
resources required to drive the process. Important aspects include:
O
Defining roles and responsibilities
O
Defining the scope and content of the plan
O
Identifying issues and available knowledge
O
Providing needed resources.
Initiating planning should also involve informing the public and stakeholders
about the upcoming planning process and investigating the best ways to
engage various sectors in the planning process (see Chapter 4). Obtaining initial
feedback on issues and available knowledge informs the situational analysis.
