Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 9.4
Involvement of the Toll/interleukin -
1 receptor (TIR) signaling pathway in the activa-
tion of the immune response by parasite GPIs.
Parasite GPIs lead to the activation of TLR-2 or
TLR-4. Activation of the receptors may account
for the important role of myeloid differentiation
factor 88 in inducing proinfl ammatory cyto-
kinases (extracellular regulated kinase - 1/ - 2,
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases and
stress-activated protein kinases/p38, please
see also Figure 25.3 for kinase pathway) while
numerous cytoplasmic proteins are phosphory-
lated on tyrosine residues in response to
Toxo-
plasma
GPIs. GPIs of all the three species are
