Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
O
O
O
O
H
2
N
4
5
N
H
HN
OH
Ac
2
O
Boc
2
O
OOCMe
HO
OH
MeCOO
MeCOO
HO
HO
OH
pyridine
MeOH-water
HO
OOCMe
OH
HO
MeCOO
HO
94 %
100 %
O
O
O
CF
3
COO
-
H
3
N+
6
O
7
O
H
TFA
Boc-Glu( Bu)
HATU, DIEA, DCM
TFA
OOCMe
H
N
MeCOO
MeCOO
OOCMe
OOCMe
MeCOO
OOCMe
MeCOO
MeCOO
MeCOO
78 %
93 %
O
O
O
B
O
OH
O
N
O
O
OH
CF
3
COO
-
O
O
O
O
O
2
N
B
O
H
3
N+
O
H
8
9
N
H
N
H
DIEA, DCM
OOCMe
MeCOO
MeCOO
NO
2
OOCMe
MeCOO
MeCOO
OOCMe
OOCMe
MeCOO
82 %
MeCOO
63 %
O
O
N
O
B29N
ε
desB30 human insulin
O
O
OH
O
1. DesB30 insulin,
H
O/acetonitrile
2. NaOH
O
O
O
B
H
H
O
B
10
DCC, HOSu
O
H
H
N
N
H
DCM
NO
2
OH
H
NO
2
OOCMe
MeCOO
OH
H
OOCMe
MeCOO
98 %
H
MeCOO
Figure 7.12 Synthetic route to boronate-polyol insulin. Reprinted with permission
from the American Chemical Society. Copyright 2005
expensive. But the main problem with the artificial pancreas concept lies
with the reliability of available continuous glucose sensors. Despite many
years of development, current sensors are not of sufficient precision and
reliability for it to be safe to let them control an insulin pump. Continuous
glucose sensors based on small electrodes inserted in the skin are today
marketed by Medtronic, Dexcom and soon Abbott. The recognition
element used in the electrodes and handheld glucose monitors are based
on enzymes like glucose oxidase [146], which is very specific for glucose.
However, it is an inherent problem with these invasive sensors that the
tissue around the foreign object soon begins the healing process, where
the local glucose concentration is no longer representative for the body.
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