Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
ulmifolius
was used to inhibit
S. aureus
biofilm formation to a degree that can be
correlated with increased antibiotic susceptibility without limiting bacterial growth
(Quave et al.
2012
).
Achyranthes aspera
, an ethanomedicinal herb, was evaluated
for its potential to inhibit growth and biofilm formation by a cariogenic
S. mutans
isolate. The biofilm inhibition percentage obtained for methanol, benzene,
petroleum ether, and aqueous extracts (125
ΚΌ
g/mL) were
<
94,
<
74,
<
62, and
<
42 %, respectively (Murugan et al.
2013
). In addition to the plant extracts, various
polysaccharides isolated from plants including okra fruit (Lengsfeld et al.
2004
;
Wittschier et al.
2007
), aloe vera (Xu et al.
2010
), liquorice root (Wittschier
et al.
2007
,
2009
), ginseng (Lee et al.
2004
,
2006
,
2009
), and blackcurrant
(Wittschier et al.
2007
) have been shown to inhibit binding of
Helicobacter pylori
to gastric cells and mucin in vitro.
The essential oil of
Curcuma longa
inhibited the formation of
S. mutans
biofilms
by interfering with its adherence at concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/mL (Lee
et al.
2011a
,
b
). Essential oil and hydrosol of
Satureja thymbra
and polytoxinol, a
compound based on essential oil, were shown to be effective against biofilms
formed by
Salmonella, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
, and
Lactobacillus
spp. (Al-Shuneigat et al.
2005
; Chorianopoulos et al.
2008
). Essential oil compo-
nents, viz., eugenol (structure 1), carvone, caeveol, carvacrol, and thymol (structure
2), interfered with adherence phenomena and inhibited biofilm formation by
P. aeruginosa
strains (Soumya et al.
2011a
,
b
). Kavanaugh and Ribbeck (
2012
)
demonstrated that certain essential oils can eradicate bacteria within biofilms with
higher efficiency than certain important antibiotics, making them interesting can-
didates for the treatment of biofilms.
H
3
CO
HO
1
CH
3
OH
H
3
C
CH
3
2
Phytocompounds have also been evaluated for their biofilm inhibitory potential.
Zeng et al. (
2008
) carried out an analysis of 51 active compounds used in traditional
Chinese medicine. Five of them had a proven ability to inhibit biofilm formation,
with the flavonoid baicalein (structure 3) being the most effective. This substance is
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