Milk Oligosaccharides - Advanced Dairy Chemistry - page 330

inflammatory bowel disease in humans, it was suggested that goat milk
oligosaccharides may be useful in the management of this disease.
Another study was performed to evaluate the effect of oligosaccharides
from goat milk in a rat model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis
(Lara-Villoslada et al., 2006). DSS treatment produced a decrease in body
weight that was not observed in rats fed the goat milk oligosaccharides. DSS
also caused an acute colonic inflammatory process that was weaker in rats fed
the goat milk oligosaccharides, as shown by colon myeloperoxidase activity,
as well as clinical symptoms measured by a scoring system. The rats that had
been fed goat milk oligosaccharides also showed less severe lesions. It was
concluded that the goat milk oligosaccharides reduced intestinal inflamma-
tion and contributed to the recovery of damaged colonic mucosa.

8.9. Chemical Structures and Features of Bovine Milk

Oligosaccharides: Milk Oligosaccharides of Other
Domestic Farm Animals

The structures of 11 acidic and 10 neutral bovine milk oligosaccharides that
have been discovered to date are shown in Table 8.3 (Gopal and Gill, 2000;
Urashima et al., 2001; Nakamura and Urashima, 2004). Most of these
oligosaccharides had been isolated from colostrum (Gopal and Gill, 2000).
Bovine colostrum contains more than 1 g/L of oligosaccharides (Nakamura
et al., 2003), the majority of which are acidic, whereas the mature milk contains
only trace amounts (Gopal and Gill, 2000). The low concentration of oligo-
saccharides in mature bovine milk makes it difficult to use such milk in the
production of human infant formulae designed to provide prebiotics and
receptor analogues (see above). This means that certain chemically produced
oligosaccharides that are not normally found in milk, but which have functions
similar to those of human milk oligosaccharides, could with advantage be
incorporated into infant formulae. Recently, 39 oligosaccharides have been
found in bovine colostrum by employing microchip liquid chromatography
separation and high-performance mass spectroscopy including Fourier trans-
form ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and time-of- flight (TOF) analysis. The
presence of LNnT, LNnH, lacto-N-novopentaose I (Gal( 1-3)[Gal( 1-
4)GlcNAc( 1-6)]Gal( 1-4)Glc) and their N-acetylneuraminyl or N-glycolyl-
neuraminyl derivatives was suggested by this method (Tao, et al., 2008).
Most of the oligosaccharide fraction of bovine colostrum consists of 3 0 -
SL, 6 0 -SL, 6 0 -SLN and DSL, with 3 0 -SL constituting 70% of the total oligo-
saccharide content. Changes in the levels of 3 0 -SL, 6 0 -SL and 6 0 -SLN
in Holstein colostrum pre-partum to 1 week post-partum are shown in
Figure 8.4. The levels were maximal immediately after parturition, rapidly