Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
stuck to his view for the rest of his life, with good reason as we will
now see.
This important feature of the equations can be understood by
looking at the system of deterministic ML Eqs. (1.1a-e) for a pair
of particles such as the electron and the proton in the hydrogen
atom. If the particles are in dynamic balance Eqs. (1.1a-e) are four
equations in four unknowns for each particle, eight equations in all,
assumingforthemomentthattheenergydensityorequivalentlythe
constitutiveparameters
ε
μ
donotvaryinaregionofmotion.In
thisformtherearefourunknowns,andthisissupportedbythefour
quantum numbers known to quantum theory. We can use Eq. (1.1f)
to convert these equations into six scalar variables, including the
E and H field photon densities in any region. The photon densities
correspond to the E and H fields and appear in the form of two
photonstreams,onefortheEfieldandonefortheHfield,thattransit
toandfrobetweentheelectrontotheprotonandbackagain,proton
toelectron,anoverallcycleofphotons.Examinationoftheequations
reveals that in any region there are four independent variables and
two more dependent variables, including the E and H field streams.
Accordingtothemathematics,ifthereareanydifferencesacross
the medium in which the atoms circulate then there will be E and H
fields
between
atoms, not just
within
atoms. This can be considered
as a dielectric interaction between atoms, a photonic interaction
between all atoms; these photons are ubiquitous. The question is
ubiquitous: are the micro- and macroscopic fields large enough
to cause any observable effects? There are theoretical reasons we
investigate in the next chapter to suggest the photon, like the
atom, has an internal structure with the ability to change radial or
spin states, depending on the ambient energy. Where the energy
changes the photon also changes, including sometimes its state,
with dramatic effect. Various physical phenomena related to energy
changesinaregiondemonstratethisabilityofphotonstoalterstate,
thus inducing observable chemical reactions. These phenomena
indicate that photons must be present between atoms, a form of
molecular aggregate not currently recognised by atomic chemistry.
This is part of a 'photon chemistry' overlooked by quantum theory
since its inception in 1927. Einstein tried to demonstrate the
incompleteness of the statistical nature of quantum theory to no
and
