Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 1.4
'It all started with Grignard' - Negishi.
Photograph courtesy of the Nobel Foundation.
contributions of Professors Richard F. Heck (University of Delaware), Akira
Suzuki (University of Hokkaid
¯
) and Ei-ichi Negishi (Purdue University) for
their achievements within the area of Pd-catalyzed C-C bond-forming re-
actions.
5
According to Negishi, the roots of cross-coupling can be traced all
the way back to Victor Grignard (Figure 1.4). These early studies laid the
foundation of what would become one of the most important and most
studied classes of catalytic reactions. Intense research efforts would soon
spawn several new C-C coupling reactions in addition to C-X coupling
reactions as the chemistry evolved into what it has become today.
The aim of this topic is to serve both academia and industry. In the
following sections, some key parameters and basic concepts are introduced.
1.2 Definition of Some Key Parameters
1.2.1 Turnover Number (TON)
The turnover number is defined as the absolute number of passes through
the catalytic cycle before the catalyst becomes deactivated. In general, in-
dustrial chemists are interested in both TON and turnover frequency (TOF)
(see the next section). A large TON (e.g.,10
6
-10
10
) indicates a stable, very
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