Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Production Enterprise Components
AbioticDamage: Damage on Plants by Abiotic Factors
The AbioticDamage component was developed jointly by JRC and CRA. It implements
several approaches for the simulation of abiotic damage to crops. Models are
implemented with a fine granularity. The constituent models currently belong to
five categories: lodging, frost, cold-induced spikelet sterility, ozone, and salinity.
-
Lodging implements the approach proposed by Baker et al.
(1998)
, modified by
Acutis et al.
(2008)
, assuming that the dominant parameter that affects lodging
is the wind-induced bending moment at the stem base.
Frost (Ritchie
-
1991)
calculates crown temperature, hardening and de-hardening
index, a killing temperature, the possible reduction in leaf area index, and evaluates
if the crop has been killed by the frost.
SpikeletSterility implements two different approaches, proposed by Confalonieri
-
et al.
(2006)
and Shimono et al.
(2005)
. An option model allows an automatic
choice between them according to input availability. The Confalonieri approach
is based on the computation of hourly stresses which are summed to compute the
daily stress. The Shimono approach computes daily stress directly, but it requires
the calibration of empirical parameters. The different susceptibility to sterility
in the period between spikelet initiation and heading is accounted for by both
models.
Ozone contains a complex model for the simulation of the damage due to
-
ozone. It models leaf aerodynamic and boundary layer resistance (Spiker et al.
1992), calculates average leaf conductance using the method of Georgiadis
et al. (1995), and calculates the fractional reduction of plant production as a
function of the ozone flux through the stomata and the leaf conductance of water
using the approach of Sitch et al. (2007).
Salinity implements two different approaches, proposed respectively by
-
Ferrer-Alegre and Stockle (1999) and by Karlberg et al.
(2006)
. The Ferrer-
Alegre approach is based on the calculation of plant conductance and then of a
function for the estimation of salinity stress in different layers of the vegetation. The
Karlberg approach calculates the reduction of nutrients partitioned to the leaves
due to salinity stress on the roots.
AgroChemicals: Pesticide Fate
The Agrochemicals component was developed by UNICATT, and is a one-dimension
model that simulates the pesticide fate at field scale with a daily time step for
communication with other modules; this component was developed by using new
knowledge (Jantunen et al.
2005
; Balderacchi et al.
2007)
to modify earlier models
(Carsel et al.
1988
; Tiktak et al.
2001)
. The model considers five environmental
compartments where the pesticide can be stored:
