Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
each class or combination of classes with functions provided, or the related goods
and services. Spatial analysis can help to create the maps of land cover and use.
Expert knowledge (participative), surveys or interviews and field visits can then help
to 'fill in' these maps with the functions that can be found. It is possible to combine
or overlap several maps at different levels covering, for example: land cover, land
use and landscape as well as maps revealing more socio-economic data such as
population density, activities in certain sectors and fluxes of people and goods and
services (networks). This approach is suggested but not tested by Brandt and Vejre
(2004)
and Vejre et al.
(2006)
. Knickel et al.
(2004)
refer to multifunctionality
schemes as a way to directly 'map' the interrelated functions associated with a certain
territory or activity. A promising method is interactive mapping that can be useful as
a complementary method to (open) interviews and field visits, or other participatory
research methods - questions as to the goods and services provided are directly
related to the maps with the representation of the land cover mosaic.
Qualitative assessment of jointness could be particularly important to
ex-ante
analyses: for example, if a particular commodity and non-commodity output are
competing for an allocable fixed input then as one output increases, the other
necessarily declines and it is unlikely that any change in policy would alter this
underlying property.
Step 3: Quantitative Assessment of Jointness
The final, and most difficult, stage is quantitative assessment of jointness which
involves specifying the magnitude of the coefficient(s) in each particular jointness
function. Graphical examples of these different types of jointness including their
most basic underlying equations (functional forms) are provided; the magnitudes of
these coefficients are illustrative to reflect the fact that jointness can be strong or
weak (Fig.
2.1
). This is an extension of work currently available in the literature on
jointness which has tended not to explore these underlying equations or a range of
potential functional forms. The case of positive jointness (Fig.
2.1a
) could be associ-
ated with rural development policies in the EU, specifically the introduction of the
second pillar to the CAP; this theoretical relationship has been articulated by Belletti
et al.
(2003)
for example. Where increases in commodity outputs are associated with
increases in non-commodity outputs (Fig. 2.
1a
) this could be denoted as true multi-
functionality. The policy implication of such positive jointness,
ceteris paribus
, is,
simply, dual maximisation of both commodity and non-commodity outputs. As an
alternative, Van Huylenbroeck
(2003)
suggests that agriculture is in most cases a
necessary condition to obtain the non-commodity output, but the yield in itself is not
as important. This could be termed as static jointness or static multifunctionality and
it is possible to express Van Huylenbroek's idea graphically (Fig.
2.1b
). Although
increases in the commodity output do not increase levels of the non-commodity
output, neither do they decrease this output. Therefore, the policy implication of
such static jointness,
ceteris paribus
, is maximisation of the commodity output.
