Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
As can be seen, three types of complementary networks operated by HSR and APT
may take place. First, HSR partially replaces APT in collecting and distributing pas-
senger flows between a single hub airport and particular spokes. Some spokes are
connected with the hub exclusively by HSR. The others are connected exclusively
by APT services. Second, HSR provides exclusive surface-access service from spokes
to particular hub airports, and vice versa. APT exclusively connects hub airports to
another. In the third case, APT connects hub airports with spokes and HSR pro-
vides exclusive surface connections between hub airports themselves.
In order to establish one of the above types of complementarity networks, sev-
eral conditions should be fulfilled: First, there should be multimodal terminals at
hub airports within the complementary network. Second, the timetables of particu-
lar HSR and APT services should be coordinated. Third, through-ticketing across
different modes should be provided. Finally, convenient checking and transferring
of passengers and their baggage between two modes should be provided.
Multimodal terminals
Currently, at many European airports rail stations are either under operation or con-
struction/planning, which enables them to function either partially or fully as multi-
modal terminals. For example, 32 of 70 EU airports, which accommodate more then
2 million passengers per year, are connected by rail links with their surroundings. In
terms of type of service and distance, there may be five types of these connections.
These are high-speed trains, long-distance trains, local trains, underground trains
and tram/light trains. Table 8.1 illustrates the present situation (EC, 1998b; 1999).
As can be seen from Table 8.1, large airports have already been included, or are
planned to be included, in the HSR network. In terms of 'type of connections', three
options can be identified such as 'city centre to airport', 'a rail system at the airport'
and 'airport to airport'. 'City centre to airport' connection assumes that there is the
rail system connection, in which the city-centre station is often the main railway sta-
tion. Local trains, underground and tram/light rail links provide this type of con-
nection. 'A rail system at the airport' implies that the connection of an airport is to
the city centre, where the city-centre rail station remains the main station. Local, long
distance and HSR links provide this type of service. 'Airport to airport' links connect
two rail stations located at airports, where either the change of train or mode (train/
air) may take place. The HSR between Paris Charles de Gaule and Lyon Satolas air-
ports, for example, illustrates this type of connection.
