Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CVD
cardiovascular disease
ELAM-1
endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1
1ERK1/2
extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2
HUVEC
human umbilical vein endothelial cell
ICAM-1
intercellular adhesion molecule 1
INF
interferon
IL
interleukin
MAPK
mitogen-activated protein kinase
NF-κB
nuclear factor kappa B
PECAM-1
platelet endothelial adhesion molecule 1
PKC
protein kinase C
TNF-α
tumor necrosis factor alpha
VCAM-1
vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1
Key Facts about Cigarette Smoking and Its Deleterious
Health Effects (Giovino 2007)
1. Smoking has caused more than 14 million premature deaths in the United
States since 1964.
2. Smoking is the single most preventable cause of death in the United States,
with 1 in 5 deaths being caused by smoking.
3. Smoking is a risk factor for:
• Lung cancer
• Other cancers (e.g., larynx, mouth, pancreas, cervix)
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Respiratory disease of adults (e.g., COPD, pneumonia, chronic
bronchitis)
• Childhood diseases (e.g., asthma, otitis media)
• Reproductive complications (e.g., infertility, low birth weight, sudden
infant death syndrome)
4. Exposure to second-hand smoke is an established risk factor for disease,
with no known risk-free level of exposure.
5. Nicotine addiction is similar to heroin or cocaine addiction.
6. h e epidemiology of cigarette smoking is complex and includes biological,
familial, social, cultural, economic, political, and media-based factors.
