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titanium sample (Ti-PIII) and the efficacy was even better than that
observed from the NaOH-treated sample [35]. This phenomenon
was attributed to the higher activity of the ion species in the plasma
than in the solution leading to a higher rate of titanate formation.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is the marker enzyme in bone
forming cells. In the differentiation pathway from mesenchymal
stem cells (MSCs) in the bone marrow to mature osteoblasts, it
occurs at the level of pre-osteoblasts. Hence, it can be used as an
early differentiation marker of osteogenic cells. As shown in Fig.
6.16, the four samples showed quite different activities [35]. The
high ALP activity on the Na PIII&D titanium samples indicated that
these surfaces might support osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
The interaction between the cells and surface was mediated by
proteins adsorbed on the surface. Cells bound to them via integrins,
a class of membrane receptors. The binding and reaction of the
cells were further influenced by the surface topology. It is well
known that surface structures with dimensions down to 1 mm are
guiding structures for cells. The roughness further influences the
integrin expression, expression of other genes, and differentiation
of bone marrow cells. Maitz et al. ascribed it to the different surface
chemistry induced by the surface treatment [35].
Figure 6.16
Alkaline phosphatase activity. Reprinted from Ref. [35],
Copyright 2005, with permission from Elsevier.
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