Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
the bracket fungi formed on trees. Most grow in
the soil and many form mycorrhiza with roots of
forest trees. The hyphae in general are septate and
dikaryotic. The septa of the hyphae often have
clamp connections, hyphal outgrowths formed dur-
ing cell division and forming a connection between
two cells. The basidia are formed in or on
basidiomata on dikaryotic hyphae or on dikaryotic
resting spores (teliospores). At maturity they are
arranged either in a free, open layer termed hyme-
nium or enclosed in fungal structures termed gleba.
The basidiospores are sessile or more often develop
on sterigmata. Young basidia are dikaryotic, until
the nuclei fuse and meiosis follows. The two, four
or more haploid nuclei migrate into the basidio-
spores, which usually are uni-, occasionally binu-
cleate. Those orders containing plant parasitic
species are included below.
Hydnaceae Hymenium covering downward-
directed spines, warts, or teeth. Now placed in
order Aphyllophorales.
Polyporaceae Hymenium lining pores (pits or
tubes); hymenophore woody, tough or membra-
nous, rarely subfleshy but never soft. Martin
places this family and the preceding three in
another order, Polyporales. Now placed in order
Aphyllophorales.
Boletaceae Fruiting surface poroid or occasion-
ally pitted; basidiocarp fleshy to tough or
membranous.
Agaricaceae The mushrooms. Fruiting bodies
usually fleshy, sometimes tough or membranous,
often with a stipe and cap; hymenophore lamel-
late, with gills.
Hymenogastrales
Hymenium present in early stages, lining cham-
bers of the gleba, closed fruiting body, which is
fleshy or waxy, sometimes slimy and fetid at
maturity.
Graphioliales
Graphiolaceae False smuts. Black, erumpent
sori and spores in chains; on palms in warmer
regions.
Phallales
Gleba slimy and fetid; exposed at maturity on an
elongated or enlarged receptacle.
Tremellales
Trembling fungi Basidiocarp usually well
developed, often gelatinous varying to waxy or
leathery hornlike when dry; mostly saprophytic,
sometimes parasitic on mosses, vascular plants,
insects, or other fungi.
Lycoperdales
The puffballs. Gleba powdery and dry at matu-
rity; spores usually small, pale.
Agaricales
Hymenium (fruiting layer) present, exposed from
beginning or before spores are matured.
Exobasidiaceae Hymenium on galls or
hypertrophied tissues of hosts, which are vascular
plants. Martin places this in a separate order,
Exobasidiales.
Thelephoraceae Hymenium smooth or some-
what roughened or corrugated; basidiocarp web-
like or membranous, leathery or woody;
hymenium on lower side. Now placed in order
Aphyllophorales.
Clavariaceae Hymenium smooth, pileus more
or less clavate or club-shaped, erect, simple or
branched, fleshy or rarely gelatinous; hymenium
on
Sclerodermatales
Gleba powdery at maturity; chambers not sepa-
rating from peridium or each other; spores usu-
ally large, dark.
Nidulariales
Bird's nest fungi. Gleba waxy; chamber with
distinct walls forming peridioles (the eggs in the
nest), which
serve
as
propagules
of
dissemination.
Deuteromycetes: Fungi Imperfecti
(Mycelia Sterilia)
all
surfaces. Now placed
in
order
Anamorph fungi are those for which
a teleomorph state is not yet known or does not
Aphyllophorales.
