Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
table . (Continued)
Critical Properties of nanomaterials
Paradigm
nanoscale
Materials
stewardship
Program
[]
life Cycle
analysis:
nanoRisk
Framework
a
[]
Voluntary
Reporting
scheme
[]
Property
.
Possibility.of.destruction
•
.
Others
•
10..Existence.of.non-disclosed.data
•
a
.Base.set.data;.additional.data.may.be.needed.
b
.Description.and.measurement.of.the.structure.of.the.nanoscale.material,.including.details.of.the.
measurement.technique.used.
c
.In.addition.to.physical/chemical.properties.
d
.Absorption/desorption.screening.test.
materials [13].
.Chapter.11.discusses.this.paradigm.for.Life.Cycle.Analysis.
in.more.detail.
Other. specialized. paradigms,. for. example,. the. Assay. Cascade. Protocol. that. the.
National. Cancer. Institute. uses. to. characterize. the. compatibility. of. nanomaterials.
with. biological. systems. [14],. may. stipulate. other. critical. parameters.. Perhaps. not.
surprisingly,.not.all.the.data.listed.in.Table.2.2.are.readily.available.yet.for.the.nano-
materials.currently.in.industrial.and.commercial.use.
The. critical. properties. of. nanomaterials,. as. listed. in. Table.2.2,. include. many.
“conventional”.parameters.that.scientists.use.to.characterize.bulk.chemicals..Such.
properties.include.solubility,.vapor.pressure,.boiling.point,.and.other.phase.proper-
ties;.reactivity.and.degradability;.and.toxicity.based.on.various.bioassays..The.critical.
properties.also.include.some.of.particular.importance.to.nanomaterials,.as.follows.
•
Particle size.
.The.small.size.of.nanoparticles.increases.the.surface.area.per.
unit.volume. relative.to. a. material's.bulk. counterpart..The. small. size. also.
affects.the.particles'.fate.and.transport.in.the.environment..Nanoparticles.
can. generally. remain. suspended. in. air. or. water. because. their. small. size.
limits.gravitational.settling..As.particles.agglomerate.and.the.net.particle.
size.increases,.they.can.drop.out.of.suspension..Particle.size.also.affects.a.
particle's.ability.to.penetrate.into.bodily.organs.
Particle shape.
.The.shape.of.a.nanoparticle.affects.its.ability.to.agglomer-
ate.and.react,.and.to.penetrate.into.bodily.organs..“Steric.hindrance”.occurs.
when.the.shape.of.a.particle.or.molecule.physically.prevents.a.reaction.from.
occurring.
Particle surface area.
. Increased. relative. surface. area. (as. a. result. of. the.
small.particle.size).increases.the.reactivity.of.nanomaterials.compared.to.
their.bulk.counterparts.and.affects.other.properties.
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