Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 10.1
Summary of
in vivo
sea bass probiotic studies.
Probiont
Parameters investigated
References
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp
.delbrueckii
GM, GP, STR
Carnevali
et al
. (2006)
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp
.delbrueckii
GM, SR, STR
Silvi
et al.
(2008)
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp
.delbrueckii
GH, IR
Picchietti
et al
. (2009)
Lb. farciminis
and
Lb. rhamnosus
D-EA,GH,GM,GP,M,SR
Frouël
et al
. (2008)
D. hansenii
,
S. cerevisiae
GM,D-EA,GP,M,SR
Tovar
et al
. (2002)
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp
.delbrueckii
,
Lb.
fructivorans
and
Lb. plantarum
GP, IR
Abelli
et al
. (2009)
Lb. plantarum
and
B. subtilis
DR, PA
Touraki
et al
. (2012)
Vagococcus fluvialis
DR, PA
Sorroza
et al
. (2012)
Vagococcus fluvialis
IR
Romàn
et al
. (2012)
Brevibacillus brevis
GP, PA, SR
Mahdhi
et al
. (2012)
D. hansenii
D-EA, GP, M, SR
Tovar-Ramirez
et al
. (2004)
D. hansenii
AO-EA, GP
Tovar-Ramirez
et al
. (2010)
Source: Adapted from Dimitroglou
et al
. 2011.
Genera abbreviations:
B
.
=
Bacillus
,
D
.
=
Debaryomyces
,
Lb
.
=
Lactobacillus
,
S
.
=
Saccharomyces
.
Parameters investigated: AO-EA
=
antioxidant enzymes, DR
=
disease resistance, D-EA
=
digestive/intestinal enzymes,
GH
=
gut histology/immunohistochemistry, GM
=
gut microbiota (inclusive of GI probiont recovery), GP
=
growth perfor-
mance, IR
=
immunological/haematological response, M
=
malformations, PA
=
pathogen antagonism, SR
=
survival rate,
STR
=
stress tolerance/response/biomarkers.
10.2.1 Growth and stress tolerance
The administration of
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
to sea bass larvae at a final concentra-
tion of 10
5
bacteria ml
−1
via rotifers from 11 to 29 days post hatching (dph) and via
Artemia
nauplii from 30 to 70 dph (treatment group A) or with
Artemia
solely as the carrier from 30
to 70 dph (group B) has been reported (Carnevali
et al
. 2006). In the control group no bac-
teria were added. Measures of standard length and body weight performed to assess juvenile
growth at 70 dph evidenced a significant increase of body weight with respect to control larvae
in both groups fed the probiotic. The highest growth was observed by group A (85 ± 5.36 mg)
but larvae from group B were also significantly heavier (60 ± 6.7 mg) than the control (47
± 4.69 mg). In addition, an increase of IGF-I transcription was observed in fish treated with
LAB: IGF-I mRNA levels were six times higher in both probiotic treated groups with respect to
the control. In contrast, myostatin mRNA transcription was significantly inhibited in probiotic
treated groups. These results were in accordance with the increase of body weight reported in
this study: fish fed on LAB showed 81% higher body weight in group A and 28% in group B,
with respect to the control group.
Lb. delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
also decreased the cortisol
levels.
Among probiotics, yeasts have been commonly isolated in the GI tract of fish and further
used as functional feed additives (Gatesoupe 2007). Dietary administration of live
Debary-
omyces hansenii
, at ca. 10
6
CFU g
-1
, to sea bass larvae accelerated maturation of the digestive
tract (50 mg versus 25 mg) (Tovar
et al
. 2002) and induced a significant increase in body
weight, twice that of the control group, at 48 dph (Tovar-Ramírez
et al
. 2004). In addition,
D.
hansenii
administration also reduced the antioxidant status of sea bass larvae as demonstrated
by the gene expression and the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase
(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (Tovar- Ramírez
et al
. 2010). These analyses per-
formed at 23 and 48 dph on the pancreatic segment of the digestive tract (including pancreas,
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