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applications within this topic, ish species have been grouped in this manner. In this context
this chapter reviews the literature available on important temperate and warm water aqua-
cultured fish species: cyprinids (Cyprinidae), tilapia (Cichlidae), soles (
Solea
spp.), groupers
(Epinephelinae), catfishes (Siluriformes), European sea bass (
Dicentrarchus labrax
), gilthead
sea bream (
Sparus aurata
), and finally the zebrafish (
Danio rerio
) as an important model
organism.
Beyond these warm water species, probiotic benefits have also been reported in cobia
(
Rachycentron canadum
) (Geng
et al
. 2012; 2013; Xing
et al
. 2013), oscar (
Astronotus ocel-
latus
) (Firouzbakhsh
et al
. 2011), spinefoot rabbitfish (
Siganus rivulatus
) (El-Dakar
et al
.
2007), sturgeons (Acipenser persicus) (Askarian
et al
. 2011), barramundi (
Lates calcarifer
)
(Rengpipat
et al
. 2008), California halibut (
Paralichthys californicus
) (Zacarias-Soto
et al
.
2011), killifish (
Fundulus heteroclitus
) (Lombardo
et al
. 2011), Japanese pufferfish (
Takifugu
rubripes
)(Biswas
etal
. 2013), clownfish (
Amphiprionocellaris
) (Avella
etal
. 2010a), goldfish
(
Carassiusauratus
) (Sugita
etal
. 2009) and live-bearing ornamental fishes such as guppy (
Poe-
cilia reticulate
), molly (
Poecilia sphenops
), green swordtail (
Xiphophorus helleri
), Southern
platyfish (
Xiphophorus maculates
) (Ghosh
et al.
2007; 2008) and porthole livebearer (
Poe-
cilopsis gracilis
) (Hernandez
et al
. 2010).
Numerous investigations have evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of feeding warm water
ish with potentially probiotic bacteria; the most documented are the lactic acid bacteria (LAB),
Bacillus
spp. and yeasts. More recently, however, the selection, characterization and appli-
cation of autochthonous strains (bacteria isolated from the fish or their immediate rearing
environment) have also stimulated much interest (Dimitroglou
etal
. 2011; Tapia-Panigua
etal
.
2012). To date, most of these studies have been performed on larvae and juveniles and it has
been shown that during the initial feeding period it is possible to establish selected probi-
otic strains in the fish intestine. The current research suggests that probiotic applications may
confer benefits on a number of important warm water fish species.
10.2 EUROPEAN SEA BASS (
DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX
L.)
The European sea bass is the most important commercial fish widely cultured in the Mediter-
ranean; annual production exceeded 120,000 tonnes in 2011 (FAO FIGIS 2013). The major
contributors to this production volume are Greece, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Croatia and Egypt.
Given the economical relevance of this species, several studies have investigated the gut
microbiota and have evaluated the effects of probiotics applications. It has been demonstrated
that the gut of European sea bass contains a minor LAB population. LAB isolated from the GI
tract of sea bass include:
Lactobacillus fructivorans
,
Lactobacillus brevis
,
Lactobacillus cur-
vatus
,
Lactobacillus acidophilus
,
Lactobacillus viridescens
,
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
subsp.
delbrueckii
,
Lactobacillus lindneri
,
Lactobacillus
spp.,
Aerococcus viridans
,
Lactococcus
lactis
subsp.
lactis
,
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
subsp.
mesenteroides
,
Enterococcus faecium
,
Enterococcus faecalis
,
Enterococcus sanguinicola
,
Enterococcus mundtii
and
Enterococcus
pseudoavium
(Carnevali
et al
. 2006; Silvi
et al
. 2008; Bourouni
et al
. 2012). Studies on the
application of probiotics for sea bass have utilized
Lactobacillus
spp. (some of which are
autochthonous strains),
Bacillus subtilis
,
Brevibacillus brevis
,
Vagococcus fluvialis
and yeasts
(Table 10.1) and some of these studies have reported improved growth performance, stress
tolerance and elevated larval survivability.
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