Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
participate in Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma pathogenesis [
35
]so
clinical studies need to be conducted with caution in this field.
Gastric peptic ulcer: BM-MSCs have been injected directly observing faster healing.
The proposed mechanism is proangiogenic factors secretion (VEGF and HGF) [
36
,
37
].
Gastric ethanol-induced ulcers: in a study with bone marrow transplantation in
rats prior to ulcers induction, bone marrow derived cells were involved in stomach
regeneration [
38
].
12.7.2 Bile Ducts
One study, in a canine model, applied human amniotic membrane grafts to repair
common bile duct lesions; they concluded that grafts alone (in lateral lesions) or sup-
plemented by peritoneomuscular graft (circular lesions) are a promising tool (healing
without stenosis) [
39
]. Lin et al. [
40
] proposed using autologous BMSCs derived
cholangiocytes for postoperative biliary-fistula but this has not been realized yet.
12.7.3 Small Intestine
The most promising advances have been made in epithelial regeneration after radia-
tion. Semont et al. [
41
] reported that infused human BM-MSCs could be engrafted into
rat irradiated intestine and contribute to its regeneration. Okamoto et al. [
42
]reported
that BM-derived cells could promote regeneration of damaged intestinal epithelia in
human and that BM-derived epithelial cells significantly appear. BMSCs intestinal
mucosa location rate ranges from 0.17 to 2.7 % [
41
,
43
]. Zhang et al. [
44
] found that
MSCs modified by CXCR4 had significantly higher engraftment rate and better results.
Full thickness regeneration has been the goal of several studies. Very interesting
results have been obtained using organoids (small samples of intestinal tissue containing
GISCs [
45
-
47
]), ESCs (three-dimensional intestinal tissue has been recently produced
from human ESCs [
48
]) and ASs. With ASs, Hori et al. [
49
] achieved regeneration
lacking muscle layer by MSC seeding on collagen sponge graft in dogs; Nakase et al. [
50
]
seeded that graft with smooth muscle cells and others got regeneration and implantation
from MSCs-enriched collagen-agarose 3D patch on a human or swine aortic fragment
[
51
]. We think that further studies are needed before application in clinical setting.
12.7.4 Large Intestine
Enteric nervous progenitors in embryonic and adult gut was previously described
[
52
]; some researchers thought that could be used in Hirschsprungs' disease even
in autologous way because disease is segmentary. In one publication, neurospheres
