Geography Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4 Mean search times
with standard deviations for
the twelve stimuli
Paper
Digital
Mean (s)
SD (s)
Mean (s)
SD (s)
1
134.583
137.745
113.537
45.887
2
146.422
117.637
178.752
119.999
3
198.151
145.550
149.879
64.901
4
162.910
127.633
180.556
93.384
5
123.033
76.006
136.053
71.293
6
120.782
77.553
130.544
55.821
Table 5 Mean fixation
counts (with standard
deviations) for the twelve
stimuli
Paper
Digital
Mean (fix/s)
SD (fix/s)
Mean (fix/s)
SD (fix/s)
1
3.004
0.440
3.364
0.377
2
2.940
0.505
3.273
0.420
3
2.958
0.407
3.262
0.415
4
2.928
0.442
3.329
0.309
5
3.069
0.351
3.259
0.293
6
2.985
0.331
3.264
0.373
difference is very highly significant (P
0.000). The results for all stimuli are listed
in Table
5
and this shows that the fixation count is always highest on the digital
medium.
In order to verify whether the distributions of the fixations are also different
across the map image, the gridded visualisation were created for the twelve stimuli.
Taking into account the different maximum values for each stimuli, the colour ramp
proposed in Fig.
2a
is applied on the grids and the corresponding maps can as such
be compared. These results are depicted in Fig.
2a
.
<
Fixation Duration
The fixation duration is closely linked with the number of fixations. In order to be
able to interpret the findings correctly and objectively, it is good practice to study
both metrics (e.g. Duchowski
2007
; Holmqvist et al.
2011
; Ooms et al.
2012
). The
mean fixation duration over all participants and stimuli
is 268.158 ms
(SD
¼
186.321 ms). The mean fixation duration is longer for paper stimuli
(M
¼
265.652 ms, SD
¼
40.160 ms, N
¼
68)
than
for
digital
stimuli
(M
70). However, the statistical t-test shows
that this difference is not significantly different (P
¼
257.594 ms, SD
¼
34.827 ms, N
¼
¼
0.210
0.05). Table
6
shows
>
the variation of the mean fixation duration over all stimuli.
In order to verify whether the distributions of the fixations and their
corresponding durations are also different across the map image, the gridded
visualisation are created for the twelve stimuli. Taking into account the different
