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Reissig, Strain, and Grifiths 2009; Kaminer 2010; Ballard, Wellborn-Kim, and Clauson 2010).
Althoughtheamountsofguarana,taurine,andginsengfoundinmostpopularenergydrinksare
far below the amounts expected either to cause adverse effects or to provide therapeutic beneits
(Clausonetal.2008;Higgins,Tuttle,andHiggins2010),theincreasinglycommonpracticeofcon-
suming such energy beverages with alcohol may elevate the incidence of caffeine-related disor-
ders, including caffeine intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal (Reissig, Strain, and Grifiths
2009;Ballard,Wellborn-Kim,andClauson2010).Inaddition,safetyconcernshavebeenexpressed
regardingdrivingsafety,becauseitisacommonfalseperceptionthattheconsumptionofenergy
drinks can reverse alcohol-related impairment, including motor coordination and visual reaction
time (Kaminer 2010). In terms of improvements in exercise performance after the ingestion of
energydrinks,conlictingresultshavebeenreportedduringcyclingexercise(Candowetal.2009;
Ivy et al. 2009), whereas such beverages are not recommended for rehydration because of the
diureticpropertiesofcaffeine(Higgins,Tuttle,andHiggins2010).
Ontheotherhand,sportsdrinksusuallycontain5%-8%carbohydratesintheformofdextrose,
fructose,sucrose,andmaltodextrinandsomeelectrolytes,whicharemainlysodiumandpotassium
(CoombesandHamilton2000).Someformulationsmaycontainvitaminsorevenproteinsandamino
acids,dependingontheiruse.Glucosepolymers,suchasmaltodextrin,arefrequentlyusedinsteadof
glucosetoprovidemoreenergywithlesssweetnessthannormalglucoseandtokeeposmolalityclose
tothatofhumanplasma(280mOsm/kg).Thisway,sportsbeveragesmaintainahypotonicorisotonic
nature that will promote water absorption (Hunt, Smith, and Jiang 1985) compared to hypertonic
solutions,whichstimulatelesswaterabsorptionandmoresecretionintothegastrointestinallumen,
resultinginthepotentialfordehydration,especiallyduringprolonged(morethan1h)exerciseinahot
andhumidenvironment.Sportsdrinksmayalsobehypertonicifthepriorityisnotmaintainingluid
balancebutahigherdeliveryofenergyintheformofbloodglucoseforreplacingmuscleandliver
glycogenstoresthathavebeenusedduringexercise(MaughanandNoakes1991).Intermsofeffec-
tiveness,researchhasshownthatconsumptionofsportsdrinkscontainingelectrolytesandcarbohy-
drateshavepositiveeffectsonluid-electrolytebalanceandexerciseperformanceandareconsidered
superiortowater(AmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine2007).Amoredetaileddiscussionregarding
themechanismsbywhichsportsdrinkscanassisthumanperformancewillbepresentedinthesection
ofthisbookdealingwiththenutritionalandhealthaspectsofsweeteners.
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