Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
theadoptionoftheECSweetenersDirectivein1994(CommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities
1994)anditsimplementationintothenationallaws,memberstatesarerequiredtoestablishasys-
temofconsumersurveystomonitoradditiveintake(EuropeanCommission1994).Forthisreason,
intakedataarerequiredthroughdevelopedandvalidatedmethodsforthedeterminationofthese
twoartiicialsweeteners.
Theacceptabledailyintake(ADI)hasbeendeinedbytheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)
as “an estimate by JECFA (the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) of the
amount of a food additive, expressed on a body weight basis, that can be ingested daily over a
lifetimewithoutappreciablehealthrisk”andisbasedonanevaluationofavailabletoxicological
data. Forexample,inEurope,theADIissetat9mg/kgofbodyweight/dayforACS-K(Wilson
et al.1999).ForASP,thereisasafetymargin,eveninhighconsumingdiabetics(Ilbäcketal.2003).
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have set the ADI for ASP at 50 mg/kg of body
weight/day.AnADIof40mg/kgbodyweight/daysetbythecommitteeofexpertsoftheFoodand
AgricultureOrganization(FAO)andtheWHOisnotlikelytobeexceeded,evenbychildrenand
diabetics.AEuropeanCommission(EC)reportgivesatheoreticalmaximumestimateforadults'
consumption of 21.3 mg/kg body weight/day of ASP. However, the actual consumption is likely
tobelower,evenforhighconsumersofASP.Thereportalsogivesreinedestimatesforchildren,
whichshowthattheyconsume1%to40%oftheADI.Peoplewithdiabetesarehighconsumers
of foods containing ASP; their highest reported intake varies between 7.8 and 10.1 mg/kg body
weight/day.Healthatinternationallevel(JECFA)andofUnitedStates(FDA)havesettheADIfor
ACS-Kat9mg/kgbodyweight.AttheEuropeanlevelonMarch13,2000,theADIhasbeensetat
9mg/kgbodyweight[ScientiicCommitteeforFoods(SCF)].
Generallyspeaking,intheEuropeanUnion(EU),sweetenersarethoroughlyassessedforsafety
bytheEuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA)beforetheyareauthorizedforuse.EUDirectives
94/35/EC (European Commission 1994), 96/83/EC (European Commission 1996), 2003/115/EC
(EuropeanCommission2003),and2006/52/EC(EuropeanCommission2006)deinewhichsweet-
enerhasbeenapprovedtobeaddedtofoodproductsandbeverages.
Today,ACS-KandASPareusedinfoodsincludingbakedgoods(drybasesformixes),bever-
ages(dairybeverages,instanttea,instantcoffee,fruit-basedbeverages),softdrinks(colas,citrus-
lavoreddrinks,fruit-basedsoftdrinks),sugarpreservesandconfectionery(calorie-freedustings,
frostings,icings,toppings,illings,syrups),alcoholicdrinks(beer),vinegar,pickles,andsauces
(sandwichspreads,saladdressings),dairyproducts(yogurtandyogurt-typeproducts,puddings,
desserts and dairy analogues, sugar-free ice cream), fruit, vegetables, and nut products, sugar-
freejamsandmarmalades,low-caloriepreserves,andotherfoodproducts(i.e.,chewinggums,
liquidconcentrates,frozenandrefrigerateddesserts).Hard-boiledcandiescanbemanufactured
usingACS-Kastheintensesweetener.ACS-Kroundsthesweetnessandbringsthetastecloseto
standard,sugar-containingproducts.Inchocolateandrelatedproducts,ACS-Kcanbeaddedat
thebeginningoftheproductionprocess(e.g.,beforerolling).Itwithstandsalltreatmentsinclud-
ing conching without detectable decomposition (Baron and Hanger 1998). In reduced-calorie
bakedgoods,bulkingagentslikepolydextrosesubstituteforsugarandlourmayhelpinreducing
the level of fats. ACS-K combines well with suitable bulking ingredients and bulk sweeteners
andthereforeallowsproductionofsweet-tastingbakedgoodshavingfewercalories.Indiabetic
products, combinations of ACS-K and sugar alcohols like isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, or sorbitol
can provide volume and sweetness. Texture and sweetness intensity can be similar to sucrose-
containingproducts.
The more important properties of the high-intensity sweeteners that are permitted for use in
foodanddrinkapplicationsareshowninTable4.2.
ACS-K,ASP,andsaccharinarethemostusedbetweentheartiicialsweetenersandhavebeen
approvedforusesintheUnitedStatesandEU.Therefore,theirexaminationanddescriptionbelow
aremoreextensivethanotherartiicialsweeteners.
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