Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - page 37

Table 2 Reported concentrations of CPY in rain and snow and fluxes
Location and dates of sampling Concentration in ng L −1 Reference

Chesapeake Bay 2000 Rain; 0.97-29 average 4.8, FOD a 14%

Wet flux, 190 ng m −2 event total
6,100 ng m −2 , 1.1 kg/yr

Kuang et al. ( 2003 )

Svalbard Ice Cap 1979-1986 Ice, peak concentration 16.2 at ~15 m Hermanson et al.

( 2005 )

Delaware/Maryland April to
Sept 2000-2003

Rain; 1.0-29 average 1.0 39% FOD
Fluxes ~610-1750 average
1.0-4.5 ng m −2

Goel et al. ( 2005 )

7 US National Parks (NP)
March-April 2003

Snow in Sequoia NP; 2.8, 1.3
Other NP ; 0.033 ~0.05 ~0.5 ~0.02
~0.02 and 0.03
Deposition in Sequoia NP;
2,600 ng m −2
Other parks; 25, 65, 35, 30, 14, and
4 ng m −2
Correlations with altitude and
distance, 75, 150, 300 km from
sources

Hageman et al.
( 2006 )

a FOD = frequency of detection

A comprehensive ecotoxicological risk assessment of CYP was developed for
birds and mammals (Solomon et al. 2001 ) and aquatic environments (Giesy et al.
1999 ) that were near areas of application. The analysis of LRT of CPY and CPYO
presented here extends those assessments to regions downwind of points of applica-
tion. The approach taken in this study was to compile and evaluate data on concen-
trations of CPY and CPYO at locations both near to applications and remote from
sources. This assessment of LRT thus goes beyond determination of CTD to include
estimates of concentrations of CPY and CPYO in other environmental media such
as rain, snow, and terrestrial phases as well as in the atmosphere at more remote
locations, including high altitudes. This was accomplished by developing a rela-
tively simple mass-balance model, predictions from which could be compared to
available measured concentrations of CYP in air and other media. This can provide
an order-of-magnitude test of the accuracy of the predictions of the model, and, in
this way, make an indirect assessment of the relative importance of the included
processes and parameters. The model can then serve as a semi-quantitative predic-
tive framework that is consistent with observations. The equations included in the
model enable examination of the effect of changes in parameters such as application
rate, temperature, meteorology, distance from source and precipitation. Estimated
concentrations in terrestrial and aquatic environments remote from areas of applica-
tion can be used, in combination with toxicological data, to assess risk to organisms
in those media and locations.

Monitoring data . Reports of concentrations of CPY in air at a variety of locations
are presented in Table 1 , with comments on other influencing factors such as alti-
tude. Also included are reports of concentrations of toxicologically-relevant trans-
formation products, such as CPYO, if and when such information was available.
Reports of concentrations of CPY in precipitation (rain and snow) are given in
Table 2 , while Table 3 provides data for water bodies and other terrestrial media.