Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
GC
—
were used for the analysis of different pesticides. For most pesticides, recoveries were
83
-
ECD (electron capture detection), GC
-
MS/SIM (selected ion monitoring)
20%, which were in accord with the requirements of European
and U.S. pharmacopeias.
-
118%with RSDs
<
5.1.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The most prominent characteristics of PAHs are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and
mutagenic effects, and the carcinogenic effects increase with the increase in the
number of benzene rings [14]. When PAHs react with
NH
2
, more
carcinogenic PAH derivatives are generated [15]. Currently, PAHs have been the
important content of environment monitoring in most nations, and the U.S. Environ-
mental Department de
-
NO
2
,
-
OH, and
-
nes 16 PAHs as priority monitoring pollutants (EPA-PAHs for
short): naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene,
uorene, phenanthrene, anthra-
cene,
uoranthene, pyrene, benzo(
a
)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(
b
)
uoranthene,
benzo(
k
)
uoranthene, benzo(
a
)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-
cd
)pyrene, dibenzo(
a
,
h
)anthra-
cene, and benzo(
g
,
h
,
i
)perylene [16]. In 1933, it was con
rmed that the carcinogens in
soot were PAHs, especially benzo(
a
)pyrene [17]. Soxhlet extraction [18],
ASE [19,20], ultrasonic extraction [21], MAE [22], solid-phase microextraction
(SPME) [23], and other techniques had been applied in the extraction of PAHs in
meat and fat. GPC [19,20,24] and SPE [18,22] were most frequently used for the
cleanup, and GC
MS [20,23] and LC (combined with different detection meth-
ods) [22,25] were the analysis methods. Purcaroa et al. [22] developed a rapid
extraction method based on MAE to analyze PAHs in smoked meat. After extraction,
PAHs were cleaned up by SPE and analyzed by RP-HPLC and
-
fluorescence detection.
The extraction ef
ciency of MAE was better than that of solvent extraction assisted by
sonication. LODs of the method were
103%. Jira
et al. [20] determined 15 PAHs in smoked meat and edible oils by GC
<
0.4
μ
g/kg and recoveries were 77
-
MS. The
sample preparation approaches included ASE extraction, GPC, and SPE cleanup.
GC
-
MSD (mass-selective
detection) had comparable results in the research. The results showed that the
concentrations of 16 PAHs in 22 smoked meats were in the range of 0.01
-
HRMS (high-resolution mass spectroscopy) and GC
-
-
19
μ
g/kg.
5.1.3 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PCBs are a group of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons with extremely stable
chemical properties. As they resist degradation, they can be directly harmful to
human beings by enrichment in the food chain, and they have become a part of global
important pollutants [26]. PCBs can be found from the Arctic seals to the Antarctic
seabird eggs [27]. Their toxicity can cause body acne, liver damage, and carcinogenic
effects [28]. They are also
s
endocrine systems, and can bring serious problems and diseases in the reproductive
system of humans and animals [29]. PCBs have been included in the
“
environmental hormones
”
that interfere with the body
'
“
blacklist
”
by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA),
in which organic
