Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
determined by GC
NCI-MS, and 9 pesticides, including trichlorphon, metsulfuron-
methyl, chlortoluron, 2,4-D, bensulfuron-methyl, propanil,
-
fipronil, phoxim, and
hexythiazox, are determined by LC
-
MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) are
between 0.1 and 233.0
g/kg,
accounting for 93.2% of the total; the recoveries of 259 compounds are between 60
and 120%, accounting for 87.8% of the total. The relative standard deviations (RSDs)
of 278 compounds are below 20%, accounting for 94.2% of the total. The proposed
method is applied to 633 human adipose tissue samples, in which 70 compounds (80
compounds if isomers are included) are detected. The results show that the proposed
method is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of 295 pesticides
and chemical pollutants in animal fat.
μ
g/kg; the LODs of 275 compounds are lower than 10
μ
5.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants
In May 1995, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Council pro-
posed the
first batch of 12 persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including 8 insecti-
cides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene),
PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-
p
-dioxins, and poly-
chlorinated dibenzofurans. The POPs were de
ned as belonging to a group of
organic compounds that are toxic, persistent, easily gathered within the organism,
easily transported over long distances, and damaging to the environment and human
beings on or near the source [1]. Environmental study showed that [2] some species of
wildlife were adversely affected by POPs in their food sources, including effects such
as cancer, bone disease, and reproductive failure. GC, LC, GC
-
MS, GC
-
MS/MS, and
LC
6].
Many extraction methods can be applied for POPs and other pesticides, including
liquid
-
MS/MS were mainly applied in the detection of POPs and other pesticides [3
-
liquid extraction (SLE), Soxhlet extraction,
accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), QuECh-
ERS, and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) [7
-
liquid extraction (LLE), solid
-
12]. GPC and solid-phase
extraction (SPE) were most frequently applied in the cleanup of POPs and other
pesticides [3,9,13]. Botella et al. [5] analyzed and determined 15 organochlorine
pesticides in adipose tissue and blood from 200 Southern Spain women by LC and
GC. The research found that
p
,
p
´
-DDE was detected in all of the adipose tissue and
blood samples, and DDTs and
p
,
p
´
-DDT were the most commonly detected com-
pounds. The paper suggested that women of reproductive age from Southern Spain
had been exposed to organochlorine pesticides. Garrido Frenich et al. [7] established
the method for simultaneous analysis of 47 organochlorine and organophosphorus
pesticides in muscle of chicken, pork, and lamb. The samples were homogeneously
extracted, cleaned up with GPC, and then analyzed by gas chromatography
-
-
triple
quadrupole mass spectrometry. For most pesticides, recoveries were 70.0
-
90.0% and
RSDs were 15%. LODs were below 2.0
g/kg for all of the pesticides, except
acephate. The extraction efficiencies of Soxhlet extraction and ASE were also
compared with homogeneous extraction. Pérez et al. [12] developed the detection
method for organophosphates, organochlorines, and pyrethrins in lanolin based on
MSPD. Three analytical methods
μ
—
that is, GC
-
FPD (
(flame photometric detection),
