Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Undeformed normal
9.1
15.0
Undeformed HV
10.4
25.7
Deformed normal
19.8
33.2
Deformed HV
27.9
48.8
IMA
HVA
FIgure 4.2
The hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) of the normal and hallux
valgus foot before the simulation (undeformed state) and after the simulation (deformed state).
U, U1
U, U1
+
2.000e
+
01
+
1.833e
+
01
+
1.667e
+
01
+
1.500e
+
01
+
1.333e
+
01
+
1.167e
+
01
+
1.000e
+
01
+
8.333e
+
00
+
6.667e
+
00
+
5.000e
+
00
+
3.333e
+
00
+
1.667e
+
00
+
0.000e
+
00
-
1.081e
-
03
+
2.000e
+
01
+
1.833e
+
01
+
1.667e
+
01
+
1.500e
+
01
+
1.333e
+
01
+
1.167e
+
01
+
1.000e
+
01
+
8.333e
+
00
+
6.667e
+
00
+
5.000e
+
00
+
3.333e
+
00
+
1.667e
+
00
+
0.000e
+
00
-
4.182e
-
04
(b)
(a)
FIgure 4.3
(See color insert.)
Simulation results on the displacement in medial-lateral direction indicat-
ing change of bone alignment after application of forefoot loading. (a) Normal foot; (b) hallux valgus foot.
(MTP) force are presented in Figure 4.4. The magnitude of the MC force of the normal foot was
about 61 N. The deviation was less than 5 N in comparison to the hallux valgus foot. However, the
MTP force of the hallux valgus foot was about 43% less than that of the normal foot. The MTP
forces were 64 N and 36 N, respectively, for the normal foot and the hallux valgus foot.
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