A Latin American perspective: the environmental impact of farming wheat and rice treated with carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds - Carbofuran and Wildlife Poisoning: Global Perspectives and Forensic Approaches - page 195

Table 7.1 Treatments to evaluate the impact of seeds treated with carbofuran consumption on wild
birds in the experiments 1 to 7, as well as possible mitigating mortality treatments in the experiment
4 (carbosulfan compared to carbofuran) and experiment 6 (comparing methiocarb, carbosulfan and
carbofuran)

Experiment(s) Treatments Concentration Dosage LD 50 *

1 to 7 carbofuran 350 g/L 2 L/100 kg seeds 8-12 mg/kg

4 carbosulfan 350 g/kg 3 kg/100 kg seeds 250 mg/kg

4 carbofuran ------------ Idem experiments 1 to 7 ------------

6 methiocarb 750 g/kg 1kg/100 kg seeds 20 mg/kg

6 carbofuran ------------ Idem experiments 1 to 7 ------------

6 carbosulfan ---------------- Idem experiment 4 ---------------

Wheat and rice seeds in all treatments were dyed with Rhodamine B, see also Table 7.2
*Median Lethal Dose, according to World Health Organization (2009)

Table 7.2 Experiments (Exp.) to evaluate the impact of consumption of seeds treated with
carbofuran and dyed with Rhodamine B on wild birds (Exp. 1 to 7) and possible mitigating mortal-
ity treatments: (Exp. 4, 6) carbosulfan plus Rhodamine B; (Exp. 6) methiocarb plus Rhodamine B
(see Table 7.1)

Seed
Species

Seed
(kg)

Area
(ha)

Days
of search

Number
of plots

Size of
plots (ha) Exp. City

1 Assis, Cambará wheat 675 5 8 5 1

2 Assis wheat 1750 8.5 4 1 8.5

3 Palmeiras de Goiás rice 150 6 3 2 3

4 Assis rice 364 3.64 8 14 0.26

5 Assis rice 800 8 4 30 0.25

6 Assis wheat 300 2.1 3 3 0.7

7 Floraí wheat 3500 24 4 1 24

considering eight and three days of experimental exposure, respectively, in experiments 4 and 6.
Feathers spots (i.e., piles of feathers) where birds had been predated, and birds which were found
to have ingested seeds from more than one treatment, were excluded from the analysis of variance.

7.3 Results and discussion: biological aspects of the environmental
impact caused by carbofuran and Rhodamine B in Brazilian wild birds

The predominant species poisoned by seeds treated with carbofuran and Rhodamine B were birds that
fed on grain and sometimes small arthropods. These were medium-sized species such as the Picazuro
pigeon and small species such as the eared dove, ruddy ground dove ( Columbina talpacoti ) and Chopi