A Latin American perspective: the environmental impact of farming wheat and rice treated with carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds - Carbofuran and Wildlife Poisoning: Global Perspectives and Forensic Approaches - page 194

(a)
(b)
Figures 7.2a and 7.2b A tractor-mounted gravity seed drill, used in the traditional planting manner.
Figure 2a shows the rice experiment in Palmeiras de Goiás, beside a cerrado forest fragment; 2b
shows a wheat experiment in Assis, São Paolo
Photos taken by Álvaro Fernando de Almeida
A comparison between the number of deaths consistent with ingesting seeds treated with
carbofuran, carbosulfan and methiocarb was made for experiments 4 and 6. In the fourth experi-
ment, treatments applied to the rice seeds were: i) carbofuran and Rhodamine B; ii) carbosulfan
and Rhodamine B. In the sixth experiment, treatments applied to the wheat seeds were: i) carbo-
furan and Rhodamine B; ii) carbosulfan and Rhodamine B; iii) carbofuran and Rhodamine B plus
methiocarb (methiocarb was added to the seeds after they received treatment with carbo-
furan and Rhodamine B). In experiments 4 and 6, the amount of seed in plots and among
treatments was balanced. All seed was treated in specifi c machines designed for commercial-scale
planting.
The variation in the number of birds that died between treatments in experiment 4 (testing carbo-
furan versus carbosulfan) and in experiment 6 (testing carbofuran, carbosulfan and methiocarb)
was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. This statistical procedure was performed