Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
of agriculture as it does in the manufacturing, construction and service
industry. This has motivated many researchers to focus on agricultural en-
ergy issues, and analysis of energy and exergy effi ciency in the agricul-
tural sector has become a research hotspot. Two energy resources, namely
diesel for tractors and electricity for pumps are usually the research topics
in this area. Such analysis has been applied in Saudi Arabia [1], Turkey
[2], Jordan [3], Iran [4] and Malaysia [5]. The relationship between ener-
gy inputs and agricultural production outputs is another research hotspot.
These energy inputs usually include direct and indirect energy, i.e., hu-
man and animal labor, machinery, electricity, diesel oil, fertilizers, seeds,
etc. Rijal and Bansal [6] examined the total energy input and output of
subsistence agriculture in the rural areas of Nepal. Ozkan and Akcaoz [7]
estimated the input-output ratio in the Turkish agricultural sector for the
period of 1975-2000, where their output is composed of 36 agricultural
commodities. On the other hand, agricultural output in Hatirli and Ozkan
[8] comprises 104 agricultural commodities. Alam and Alam [9] evaluated
the impact of energy input on agricultural production output in Bangla-
desh from 1980 to 2000. There are also researches that provided meaning-
ful econometrics methods. Uri [10] quantifi ed the relationship between
the energy price and the use of conservation tillage via Granger causality
over the period of 1963-1997. A regression analysis of the relationship be-
tween energy use and agricultural productivity was done by Karkacier and
Gokalp Goktolga [11]. Using co-integration and error correction analysis,
Türkekul and Unakıtan [12] estimated the long- and short-run relationship
among energy consumption, agricultural GDP, and energy prices from
1970 to 2008 in Turkey's agriculture.
Based on a bottom-up modeling approach, the model named Save Pro-
duction simulated the development of energy use in the Dutch industry
and agriculture [13]. Baruah and Bora [14] assessed the energy demands
in the state of Assam, India. In that study, they considered four strategic
scenarios of mechanization that incorporated some proven technologies.
Nevertheless, only a few simulation and forecast models were established
to study the energy demand of agriculture and little attention has been paid
to the relationship between energy consumption and end-use machinery in
