Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.2
Key words in articles about media from 1945 to 1996 [
4
]
Media/period
1945-1954 1955-1964 1965-1974 1975-1984 1985-1996 Total
Games, playing
0
1
1
39
109
150
Overhead projection
0
0
42
73
74
189
Recording tape
0
4
26
32
3
65
Blackboard
1
6
5
3
13
28
Molecular set
(other models)
0 (3)
0 (44)
8 (51)
15 (73)
12 (65)
35 (236)
Text book
19
56
47
64
75
261
Audiovisual
9
65
61
124
94
353
Computer
0
0
7
69
295
371
Work sheets
2
16
13
52
220
303
Applications
0
7
19
17
13
56
Stamps
0
1
2
8
15
26
Media (general)
15
39
107
132
217
386
Total
49
239
389
701
1,215
2,593
Total of investigated
articles
581
3,089
3,851
4,706
7,330
19,557
The blackboard with the longest history is not mentioned very often, but is still an
important medium. The overhead projector enters into lessons after 1965 like the
computer does from 1985. Molecular modeling sets are not mentioned much - it may
be that they are present all the time; but the other models of the structure of matter
started to make an impact in the 1950s and 1960s and opened the door to a good
understanding for 3D structures concerning metals and salts. Work sheets for students
in class have been mentioned more and more frequently and have a maximum today.
Considering the number of articles about media in general (which increases
dramatically from decade to decade), and comparing it with the total of investigated
articles in the past, Becker and Hildebrandt [
4
] stated that the media for education
are claiming more and more attention given the increase from 8% in 1945/54 to
17% in 1985/96. Investigating current articles in journals, the big significance of
computers and their software would be confirmed.
Evaluation criteria
. Media should be used corresponding to the learning
situation:
- Based on the learner's cognitive stage of development
- The learner's prior knowledge and interests
- The intended teaching goals
- The lesson's planned social form
- Aspects of Gestalt and perceptual psychology
- Technical workability and mastery of technical devices
Effects of media
. Studies in experimental psychology show that “the human
being receives information to
- 78% over the eye, to
- 13% over the ear and to
- 3% over each of the senses of smell, taste, and touch” [
3
]
