Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
largely on the raw materials. A cellulose nanoi ber has more than 200 times the surface
area of isolated sot wood cellulose and possesses higher water-holding capacity, higher
crystallinity, higher tensile strength, and a i ner web-like network. In combination with
a suitable matrix polymer, cellulose nanoi ber networks show considerable potential as
ef ective reinforcement for high-quality specialty application of biobased composites.
However, the use of cellulose nanoi bers as nano-reinforcement in composites still has
to overcome some issues: 1) all the works related to bionanocomposites are still in labo-
ratory scale, mass production technique is unknown, 2) the nanoi ber isolation process
consumes a large amount of energy, water and chemicals, and 3) because of the higher
density of -OH groups on the surface of the nanoi bers, they are mostly restricted to
water-soluble polymers. Scientists are working to overcome these problems by applying
dif erent types of pretreatments and surface modii cation treatments. All these treat-
ments improve the process of isolation and properties of nanocellulose signii cantly.
h ese cellulose nanoi ber-reinforced composites can be used in medical devices, nano-
paper, construction materials, automobiles, sports equipment, electronics, pharmaceu-
ticals, cosmetics, packaging and so on. However, further research would improve the
properties of nanocelluloses as well as the properties of bionanocomposites.
Acknowledgement
h e authors would like to thanks to Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia,
for providing Research Grant No. RU-1001/PTEKIND/811195 and RU-I 1001/
PTEKIND/814133 for completing this review.
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