Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Fresh-
water 3%
Other 0.9%
Rivers 2%
Surface
water
0.3%
Ground
water
30.1%
Swamps 11%
Saline
(oceans)
97%
Icecaps
and
Glaciers
68.7%
Lakes
87%
Earth΄s water
Fresh water
Fresh
surface water
(liquid)
FIGURE 3.6
Distribution of Earth's water. (From United States Geological Survey, Water properties, http://ga.water.usgs.
gov/edu/waterproperties.html, 2009a.)
TABLE 3.1
Earth's Water by Source, Volume, and Type
Water Source
Water Volume (km
3
)
Percent Freshwater
Percent Total Water
Oceans, seas, and bays
1,337,986,366
—
96.5
Ice caps, glaciers, and
permanent snow
32,399,277
68.7
1.74
Groundwater
23,400,173
—
1.7
• Fresh
10,528,827
30.1
0.76
• Saline
12,871,345
—
0.94
Soil moisture
16,502
0.05
0.001
Ground ice and
permafrost
299,984
0.86
0.022
Lakes
176,397
—
0.013
• Fresh
90,991
0.26
0.007
• Saline
85,406
—
0.006
Atmosphere
12,901
0.04
0.001
Swamps
11,471
0.03
0.0008
Rivers
2122
0.006
0.0002
Biological water
1121
0.003
0.0001
Total
1,385,920,457
—
100.0
• Drinking and bottling (including beverages such as soft drinks)
• Washing
• Recreation
• Heating and cooling
• Fire fighting
• Irrigation
• Industrial use
Search WWH ::
Custom Search