Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
15
ChAPTEr
Prebiotics and Probiotics in Infant Formulae
Günther Boehm, Richèle Wind, and Jan Knol
CoNTENTs
15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 294
15.2 Influence of Breastfeeding on Postnatal Development of Intestinal
Microbiota..................................................................................................... 295
15.2.1 Postnatal Development of Intestinal Microbiota............................... 295
15.2.2 Oligosaccharides as the Main Prebiotic Factor in Human Milk ...... 295
15.2.3 Other Functions of HMOS................................................................ 296
15.2.4 Human Milk and Breastfeeding as the Source of Bacteria .............. 296
15.3 Prebiotics....................................................................................................... 297
15.3.1 Definition of Prebiotics ..................................................................... 297
15.3.2 Characterization of Prebiotics........................................................... 297
15.3.3 Physiological Effects of Prebiotics.................................................... 298
15.3.3.1 Influence on the Intestinal Microbiota ............................... 298
15.3.3.2 Influence on Postnatal Development of the Immune
System ................................................................................304
15.3.3.3 Influence on Gut Health ..................................................... 306
15.3.4 Safety in Infants ................................................................................ 307
15.3.5 Current Recommendations for Starter and Follow-On Formulae .... 307
15.4 Probiotics in Infant Formulae ....................................................................... 308
15.4.1 Definition 308
15.4.2 Characterization of Probiotics .......................................................... 308
15.4.3 Physiological Effects of Probiotics ................................................... 309
15.4.3.1 Influence on Intestinal Microbiota ..................................... 309
15.4.3.2 Influence on Gut Health ..................................................... 317
15.4.3.3 Influence on Postnatal Development of the Immune
System ................................................................................ 318
15.4.4 Safety in Infants ................................................................................ 321
15.4.4.1 Systemic Infections ............................................................ 322
293
