Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Energy saving means producing a larger quantity of material goods and offering
a larger number of services, consuming a smaller quantity of primary energetic
resources, to obtain useful energy, that is to increase the ef
ciency factor EFF.
Different terms are used, often with little precision or accuracy, to express targets
in the area of energy ef
ciency policy. The de
nitions provided in the Energy
Ef
ciency Directive establish a clear relation between
“
energy savings
”
and
“
energy ef
.
The following de
ciency
”
nitions from Article 2 of the EED are worth recalling here as
they are relevant:
“
means the ratio of output of performance, service, goods, or
energy to input of energy (Article 2.4).
“
Energy ef
ciency
”
means an amount of saved energy determined by measuring
and/or estimating consumption before and after implementation of an energy
ef
Energy savings
”
ciency improvement measure, whilst ensuring normalization for external
conditions that affect energy consumption (Article 2.5).
Speci
cally, energy savings are de
ned as the result of improvements of energy
ef
ciency. Savings are measured as the difference in energy consumption before
and after the ef
ciency improvement has taken place.
For years, the model of the electric energy industry development has been based
on the idea that energy must be produced in a centralized way, in large electric
plants, then delivered to the large consumption areas through electric transport lines
and,
finally, delivered to the consumers through the distribution infrastructure, at
the lowest voltage levels. Thus, energy circulates in a unidirectional way, from high
voltage to low voltage. This situation is indicated in Fig.
3
a.
(a)
(b)
Import/
Export
Import/
Export
Transport
400kV&150kV
Transport
400kV&150kV
Centralized
production
Centralized
production
Distribution
60kV
Small scale
production
Distribution
60kV
Consumers
Micro-units
Consumers
Fig. 3 Models of energy generation
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