Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2.1 Centralized Versus Distributed Energy Generation
The importance of the cogeneration system is showing in 2012/27 EC Directive
EED in which the MS for 2014 by National Energy Ef
ciency Action Plan must
provide a description of measures, strategies, and policies, including programs and
plans, at national, regional, and local levels to develop the economic potential of
high-ef
cient district heating and cooling and other
efficient heating and cooling systems as well as the use of heating and cooling from
waste heat and renewable energy sources, including measures to develop the heat
markets (EED Article 14(2), Article 14(4), Annex VIII 1(g)). In this, programs and
plans include number of new micro-CHP and small-scale CHP installed and
number of other new ef
ciency cogeneration and ef
cient heating systems and trends in their market uptake,
(e.g., heat-pumps ef
cient boilers, solar equipment and), new or as replacement of
old systems installed either as new installations or as replacement for old systems.
In the Energy Ef
ciency Directive are given two types of energies, namely:
“
Primary energy consumption
”
means gross inland consumption, excluding
nonenergy uses (Article 2.2)
“
means all energy supplied to industry, transport,
households, services, and agriculture. It excludes deliveries to the energy
transformation sector and the energy industries themselves (Article 2.3).
Final energy consumption
”
The conversion of primary energy into useful energy (or
final energy con-
sumption) is evaluated on the basis of the ef
ciency factor EFF, de
ned as a
percentage ratio between the useful energy and the primary energy.
EFF
¼
ð
Eu
Ep
Þ
100
ð
1
Þ
=
%
where
Eu is the useful energy and
Ep is the primary energy.
ciency has a major role to play in economically, environmentally, and
socially sustainable energy policies. Energy ef
Energy ef
ciency can play a vital role in
reducing the energy intensity of economic activity and avoiding the need for sig-
ni
cant new supply. Energy savings are among the fastest, highest impacting and
most cost-effective ways of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Over the
years, the European Union has introduced a number of directives, regulations, and
initiatives to encourage and support Member States, regional authorities, individ-
uals, and so on to increase energy ef
ciency in the different sectors, including
buildings, transport, and products. The span of policies, have yet to change our
combined thinking, capacity, and ambition to capture signi
cant savings. Although
everyone agrees with the importance of saving energy, it has enjoyed little high
level political attention and as such we are a long way from achieving the indicative
20 % energy savings target by 2020.
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