Functional Classes I, Structure and Naming - Organic Chemistry Concepts: An EFL Approach - page 26

Table 2.7 Some Common Alcohols
Formula Common Name IUPAC Name B.P. (°C)

CH 3 OH Methyl alcohol Methanol 65

CH 3 CH 2 OH Ethyl alcohol Ethanol 78

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH n -Propyl alcohol 1-Propanol 97

(CH 3 ) 2 CHOH Isopropyl alcohol 2-Propanol 82

(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 OH Isobutyl alcohol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 108

(CH 3 ) 3 COH tert -Butyl alcohol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 82

HOCH 2 CH 2 OH Ethylene glycol 1,2-Ethanediol 197

HOCH 2 CH 2 (OH)CH 2 OH Glycerol 1,2,3-Propanetriol 290

Cyclohexanol 160

Benzyl alcohol Phenylmethanol 205

IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

groups is given by chain numbers. If the alcohol is not the major functional
group (Appendix 3), then the hydroxyl group is named as a hydroxy- substituent.

In phenols, the hydroxyl group is attached directly to an aromatic system (arene).
They are usually named as substituted derivatives of the parent arene. However,
as Table 2.8 shows, common names are often still used.

For ethers, there is no systematic ending for substitutive naming. In most
simple cases their names are based on the longer chain parent backbone
H-R′, and then -OR is treated as a substituent. The name of the -OR group,
which is an alcohol without its hydrogen, is a combination of the names of
the alkyl -R group with -oxy to give the alkyloxy substituent. This is usually
shortened to alkoxy when the carbon chain has five or less carbon atoms. For
example, CH 3 CH 2 O- is ethoxy rather than ethyloxy. This is then added to the
parent alkane -R′ name as shown in the examples in Table 2.9 .

Table 2.10 shows some thiols and thioethers, the sulfur equivalents of the alco-
hols and ethers. The thiols and thioethers are named using the ending -thiol
and the class name sulfide. Appendix 3 shows another way to deal with these as
substituents.

2.7 AMINES
In amines, the functional group is based on the amino group, -NH 2 . The com-
pound class can be seen as derivatives of ammonia, NH 3 , with the hydrogen
atoms replaced by carbon substituents. Therefore, as Figure 2.10 shows, they
have the same sp 3 structure.

Figure 2.11 shows the classification into 1° (primary), 2° (secondary), 3°
(tertiary), and 4° (quaternary) amines. These match the substitution of the