Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors Among Jeju Islanders, South Korea - Island Futures: Conservation and Development Across the Asia-Pacific Region - page 118

by a consumerism caused by a personal decision. Meanwhile, Pleasure-Seeking
Consumerism is defined as a consumerism for enjoying the consumption itself as a
pleasure.
For environmentalism, the scale items loaded on the three factors were those
related to anxiety about excessive human involvement in the environment, the pos-
sibility of the natural balance being destroyed by human involvement, and the per-
ception that humans must recognize that economic development should be limited
to a natural carrying capacity. Thus, the three factors were named Human Dominance
of Nature, Destruction of Natural Balance, and Limits of Economic Growth.
For environmental behavior, the scale items loaded on the first factor imply the
voluntary endeavor to reduce consumption covering a wide range of areas, whereas
those loaded on the second factor were related to saving energy. Thus, the two factors
were named General Control of Consumption and Energy-Saving Behavior.
The eigenvalues of the three factors presented in Table 9.6 show that Structural
Consumerism is the prevailing factor, followed by Pleasure-Seeking and Voluntary
Consumerism. This lends support to the theory that consumerism is a cultural
imperative in postmodern society rather than an attitude formed by individuals. Age
and civic engagement are the significant variables making the difference in Structural
Consumerism. Age, religion, and monthly income are the significant variables making
the difference in Pleasure-Seeking Consumerism. Only civic engagement is a
significant variable making the difference in Voluntary Consumerism. The general
trend is that the younger the age, the higher the level of Structural Consumerism and
Pleasure-Seeking Consumerism. Lower levels of civic engagement were correlated
with higher levels of Structural Consumerism and Pleasure-Seeking Consumerism.
Those who professed no religion had higher levels of Pleasure-Seeking Consumerism
than those who professed a religion. No significant differences were found in
Pleasure-Seeking Consumerism among Christians, Buddhists, and others.
The eigenvalues of the three factors presented in Table 9.7 show that Human
Dominance of Nature is the prevailing factor in Environmentalism, followed by
Destruction of Natural Balance and Limits of Economic Growth. This suggests that
people worry most about excessive human involvement in nature. Age is the signifi-
cant variable making the difference in Human Structural Consumerism. Monthly
income is the significant variable making the difference in Human Dominance on
Nature and Destruction of Natural Balance. Residential area is the significant vari-
able making the difference in Limit of Economic Growth. The general trend is that
the older the age, the higher the level of Human Dominance on Nature. Higher
monthly incomes were correlated with higher levels of Human Dominance of
Nature and Destruction of Natural Balance, and higher levels of civic engagement
also were correlated with higher levels of Destruction of Natural Balance. Rural
residents scored higher in Limits of Economic Growth than urban residents.
The eigenvalues presented in Table 9.8 show that Control of Consumption in
General is the prevailing factor in Environmental Behavior. Age, religion, and
monthly income are significant variables making the difference in General Control of
Consumption and in Energy-Saving Behavior. The general trend is that, the older the
age, the higher the levels of both General Control of Consumption and Energy-Saving
Behavior. Those who professed a religion scored higher in both General Control of