Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
current pulping process. However, the separation of components means refined
cellulosic feedstock; those cellulosic feedstocks are not only treated as single-
cellulose resources but also are regarded as multicomponents and multipurpose
materials [
120
].
(2) Complete the theory of nonlinear science of in vivo cell biological reac-
tion [
121
]: With the accumulation of biological knowledge, the deepening
understanding of biological nature, especially the learning and thinking of self-
organization theory, nonlinear chaos theory, modern information theory, and
system theory, gradually defined the new concept of “four transfers and one
reaction” using the normal force as the power source.
The so-called fourth transfer is extra “information transfer,” adding to
the conventional three-transfers concept. The theory of four transfers and
one reaction in the chemical reaction engineering discipline is based on the
potential and the fluid dynamics of chemical reactions as the power source.
This three-transfers process fluid flow enhancement means, in addition to the
flow direction of the three transfers, the heterogeneous reaction process is based
on the interphase tangential force as a power source to achieve the purpose of
enhancing mass transfer and heat transfer, which is called the boundary layer
theory. This enhancement is effective for the multiphase particles of nonlife.
A higher shearing force and greater transfer rate facilitate the reaction rate of
particles. However, the situation will be different once multiphase particles are
living cells. Cells, especially without cell walls, will be damaged and even die
when the shearing force outside is too large. The cell membrane is formed by
inlaid lipid and protein molecules, which are flowable multimolecular layers,
similar to the liquid crystal and delicate. There are many cell secretions,
such as polysaccharides, in the cell membrane, like the “guard.” They not
only search but also screen the transformation of nutrients and excreta out
of the cell membrane. If the shear force captures the guard, cell metabolism
will be affected. Because of the integrity of the biological information, the
local damage can also cause overall disorders, the invalid of the biological
activity, and even death. This phenomenon has been amply demonstrated in the
mechanical agitation fermenter. However, the membrane is the door to exchange
matter, energy, and information with the external environment. If the transfer
rate of fluid within the boundary layer of the surrounding cells is too slow, it
indicates the lack of oxygen supply and other nutrients from outside the cells.
It makes the cells hungry or hypoxic, and the excrement cannot be removed in
vitro. It also inhibits the metabolism, growth, and reproduction and even leads
to death. So, it shows that, at least in the scope, strengthening the transport rate
relying on fluid flow shear force is limited.
3.8.3.3
Ecological Industrialization Direction of Cellulose Biotechnology
Ecological biochemical engineering focuses on the main direction of the three
aspects discussed next.
