Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Russian Soil Classification System,
1997; English version, 2001
Shishov and Sokolov, 1989
2000
Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of
USSR, 1977; English version, 1986
Fridland, 1982
Gerasimov, 1975
Kovda et al., 1967
Classsification and determination
of soil types, 1966; English version 1970
Glazovskaya, 1966;
English version 1983
Ivanova, Rozov, 1956
1950
Gerasimov et al., 1939
Polynov, 1932
Zakharov, 1927
Neustruev, 1926;
English version 1967
Afanasiev, 1922
Gedroits, 1925;
English version 1966
Glinka, 1908, 1924
Kossovich, 1910
Sabanin, 1909
Vysotsky, 1906
1900
Dokuchaev, 1900
Sibirtsev, 1895; English version 1966
Kostychev, 1886
Dokuchaev, 1886
Geological Profile-genetic
Evolutional
Factor-genetic
Approaches to Soil Classification
Figure 15.1
The development of different approaches to soil classification in Russia.
systematic research in the different aspects of the science, and attempts to show the linkages and
interrelationships between the soil bodies as they occur on the landscape. The approaches to the
different global soil classiÝcation systems stem from the stated purposes and functions they are
expected to fulÝll. There have been considerable discussions on this in Russia, as illustrated in the
contributions of Strzemski (1975), Sokolov (1979), Gennadiev and Gerasimova (1994), Dobrovol-
sky and TroÝmov (1996), and Tonkonogov et al. (1999).
The main goal of this paper is to elucidate the main concepts and systems of soil classiÝcation
in Russia, and to analyze the change of concepts of soil classiÝcation in recent times.
CHANGING CONCEPTS
An analysis was made of the development of the system, represented in Figure 15.1. The
approach was based mainly on the work of Dobrovolsky and TroÝmov (1996), but modiÝed by
the authors. The different approaches to soil classiÝcation were grouped into four categories:
1. Geological, pre-Dokuchaev approach based on mineralogical, physical, and chemical characteris-
tics of substrates
2.
Factor-genetic approaches, based mainly on linkages of soils with climatic zones and other soil-
forming factors, such as topography and parent materials
3.
Evolutionary approaches that take into account the development of soils in time
4.
ProÝle-genetic approaches based on soil characteristics (horizons, features) formed by pedogenesis
Figure 15.2 shows the photos of the late principals who contributed to these developments.
