Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(b) The control condition of process.
The nitration coef
cient is 12
15.
-
The temperature during nitri
cation is 45
48
°
C.
-
The vacuum degree is 280
350 mmHg (in nitri
cation).
-
The temperature of mixed acid is 0
±
1
°
C.
3.2 kg/cm
2
.
The nitrogen content of mixed acid is 29.5
The press of mixed acid in reactor is 2.6
-
±
0.5 %.
The speed of nitration is 3
4 kg/min.
The nitrogen content of waste acid is 14.0
-
±
0.3 %.
(c) Condition of separation
The temperature during separation is 16
±
1
°
C.
The speed of centrifuge is <2,900 r/min.
(d) Washing condition
In the cold water washing process the ratio of glycerinum and water is
1:1.2
1.5.
In the warm water washing process the ratio of glycerinum and water is
1:0.7
-
C).
For stability of treatment the ratio of glycerinum and water is 1:0.7
1.2 (the temperature is 40
±
5
°
-
1.2
-
(the temperature is 40
45
°
C, the concentration of sodium carbonate is
-
0.80
0.1 %).
The press of string in washing process is 2
±
0.2 kg/cm
2
±
Comparing with the different preparation processes of indirect nitri
cation and
injection nitration, the different processes of nitri
cation have different productivities
of nitroglycerine. The capacity of indirect nitri
cation is lower, producing 300
400 kg
-
per hour; while the capacity of indirect nitri
cation is beyond 600 kg per hour.
5.4.1.4 The Application of Nitroglycerine
Nitroglycerine was
first used in mining by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish engineer. In
1862, Nobel built a factory to produce
. Nitroglycerine was also tried
to be used in charging as a high explosive in many countries. For example, Russia
made an attempt to do this kind of work in 1854. Nobel also used nitroglycerine
(blasting oil) substituting for black powder (smoke powder).
Nitroglycerine can be a high explosive as soon as separated from water
“
blasting oil
”
alcohol
solutions. Based on previous studies, nitroglycerine can be absorbed by diatoma-
ceous earth to prepare a slug Guhr dynamite. It was invented by Nobel in 1867 and
composed of 75 units of nitroglycerine and 25 units of diatomaceous earth. In order
to lower its shock sensitivity, nitroglycerine can be mixed with a solid adsorbent of
magnesium carbonate. Since 1867, nitroglycerine has been used in the gold mines
at Upper-Uspleaskii in Trans-Baykal of Siberia.
In 1875, Nobel dissolved cellulose nitrate into nitroglycerine to produce so called
blasting gelatin [
7
]. This sort of dynamite based on the blasting gelatin mixing with
-
