Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.4 Speci
c gravity of liquid explosives used in underwater detonation
Components
Fraction
Speci
c gravity
Nitromethane/urea perchlorate
80/20
1.24
Nitromethane/urea perchlorate
30/70
1.40
Nitromethane/urea perchlorate
20/78/2
1.51
Hydrazine nitrate/amino alcohol/water
80/15/4
1.42
Hydrazine nitrate/ethylene diamin/water
80/16/4
1.41
Hydrazine nitrate/aminomethane/hydrazine dyrate/
water
75/6/4/15
1.40
Hydrazine perchlorate/hydrazine/water
67.7/10.4/21.9
1.45
Hydrazine perchlorate/hydrazine/amino alcohol/
water
60.2/9.3/10.0/20.5
1.38
Hydrazine perchlorate/sodium nitrate/hydrazine/
water
52.3/10.0/8.1/29.6
1.40
c gravity of liquid explosives must be greater than 1.2, so that the
treatment after failure detonation could be facilely
The speci
finished and the water solubility
is also good. The speci
c gravities of liquid explosives with main oxidizers of urea
perchlorate, hydrazine nitrate, and hydrazine perchlorate are listed in Table
1.4
.
Metal perchlorates are also main components for liquid explosives [
31
,
32
].
Because of the
filling method of liquid explosives through tubes, there are not
dangers in the process. The liquid explosives can be safely released in case of
failure detonation.
(5) Explosive lens
A plane shock wave generating apparatus consists of a hanging cone, in which a
low detonation velocity explosive of nitromethane or nitromethane mixture is
filled,
and an encapulsated space outside the cone, in which a ternary high detonation
velocity liquid explosives of hydrazine nitrate/hydrazine/water is
filled [
33
,
34
].
1.4.2 Military Applications
cations
In the extreme conditions of hard rock or permafrost, liquid explosives, because
of the features of high speed and high ef
(1) Rapid excavation of forti
ciency, have been widely used to build
forti
cations, such as antitank ditches, trenches, communications trenches, fox-
holes, tank pits, and personal bunkers [
35
]. For example, to build a personal bunker
needs to excavate the soil layer by a knife
first. A liquid explosive of approximate
0.5 kg is then poured in the apertures of soil layer and detonated by a detonator. A
personal bunker with a diameter of 1.2 m and depth of 1 m could be formed in
1 min. In application, the explosive containers could be put in a charge room in a
straight row or column in advance and connected one another by tubes. Liquid
explosives, such as tetranitromethane/toluene (85/15, detonation velocity of
