Introduction - Liquid Explosives - page 11

Meanwhile, liquid explosives improve the safety and reliability of detonation
operation, save the labors of explosive preparation and detonation, and lower the
cost of 22

30 %.
(2) Cutting
Low detonation velocity of approximate 2,000 m/s is required for explosives
used in explosion working. Thus, liquid explosives with low detonation velocity are
suitable for explosion working [ 27 , 28 ]. Gathering energy effect (Munroe effect) is
the enhancement of partial destruction by a hollow charge at the end of explosives.
In order to improve the Munroe effect, a copper shaped charge liner is used on the
hollow or void surface with geometrical shapes. The explosion energy would be
converted to the kinetic energy of metals. A bunch or a sheet of high-velocity jet
with high temperature, high pressure, and high density would be projected at the
symmetric axis or symmetric plane of the liner. The jet would

-

“ puncture ” or “ cut ”

steel plates.
The cutting effect for a linear shaped charge cutter depends on the liner width,
the liner apex angle, the liner thickness, the charge height, and the burst height.
Table 1.3 lists the optimum size and application conditions of the linear shaped
charge cutter of liquid explosives based on a rich supply of experimental data.
(3) Exploration of coal or oil field distribution and structure as an arti cial

hypocenter
The surrounding medium would be of permanent deformation and elastic
deformation with explosion underground. The seismic wave would be rippled
outwards from the explosion center and re ected when it contacts with some het-

erogeneous medium interfaces. The information of re

fl

ection and refraction could
be achieved and recorded by specialized instrumentation to be used for the analysis
of geological structure and mineral distribution [ 29 ].
High explosives are required to be used as hypocenter sources in exploration.
The amplitude and the signal-to-noise ratio of the seismic waves are still high even
after deep re

fl

ection. Thus, the interference for detection is small and the corre-
sponding resolution is high. Hydrazine nitrate liquid explosives with different
charges of 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 g were used to be hypocenter sources in
comparison with ammonium nitrate explosives and deactivation RDX. The results
indicated that liquid explosives have stronger excitation waves, higher signal-to-
noise ratio, more convenient charge, no site-speci

fl

c constraints, being unin fl am-

mable, and high safety and reliability without corrosion and pollution.

Table 1.3 Cutting parameters of the shaped charge cutter of hydrazine nitrate liquid explosives
No. Target

materials

Target thickness
(mm)

Jet
numbers

Unit charge
weight

Puncture depth
(mm)

1 A-3 steel 25 4 0.705 24 ± 1.0

45 # steel 2 25 4 0.874 25 ± 0

0
Note The apex angle of the copper shaped charge liner a 90 ° , the width: 100 mm, and the burst
height: 18 mm

3 Alloy steel 20 4 0.874 20 ±