Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
dominantly, shaking intensity), the population exposure, the vulnerability
of the built environment, and the resilience of the communities affected.
Signifi cant efforts have been made in the past two decades to develop
state-of-the-art rapid, earthquake-loss estimation models. These efforts
have benefi ted emergency response and recovery planning operations and
generally served as a basis for post-earthquake decision making. For
example, faster and improved earthquake source characterization has
helped in constraining fundamental earthquake parameters, which in turn
improve and speed up shaking estimates. Similarly, evolution of rapid earth-
quake shaking estimation tools such as ShakeMap,
Did You Feel It
?, and
incorporation of near real-time strong motion data, and fi nite-fault models
now makes it possible to characterize spatial aspects of earthquake ground
shaking more systematically and effi ciently than before.
Given the global variability in the built environment and uncertainty
associated with inventory and structural vulnerability data, as well as the
knowledge about past casualties in different countries, PAGER relies on
three parallel loss estimation approaches. PAGER efforts now focus pri-
marily on further refi ning each of these three separate loss methodologies
and from them, producing alerts based on fatality and economic loss esti-
mates (as well as their uncertainties) for a wide variety of global hazard
and risk environments. These data, tools, and models are valuable for other
engineering and seismological studies (e.g., performing scenario hazard and
loss analyses, developing mitigation priorities), and are openly and freely
available. In addition to the primary audience in terms of earthquake
response and aid agencies, PAGER's data, products and models are being
used in variety of different applications by, e.g., loss-modellers (global Vs30
maps, ShakeMaps, inventories, vulnerabilities), reinsurers (catastrophe
bonds), and non-governmental agencies (risk analyses).
31.9 Acknowledgments
The authors thank participants of the WHE-PAGER, and NEHRP funded
projects, who contributed to the collaborative development of the inventory
and vulnerability data repository. The PAGER team also benefi ted from
collaborations with GEM Foundation partners and colleagues. Munich Re
provided economic loss data, which was essential for our economic loss
model development effort. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the US
government.
31.10 References
Algermissen S T, Rinehart W A, Dewey J W, Steinbrugge K V, Lagorio H J, Degen-
kolb H J, Cluff L S, McClure F E, Scott S N and Gordon R F (1972),
A Study of
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