Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
WSS legend
EPN legend
Demand node
Constant head water source
Power generation node
Transformation/distribution
Load bus (demand node)
Slack bus
Overhead line
Well
Pipeline
Tunnel
Pump
Tank
2
1
4
3
1
1
3
6
2
4
5
2
BCAs
SCDs LUPAs
City B
T/D
City A
800 MW
3
2
4
4
5
67
8
1
1
3
9
T/D
1
2
2
BCAs
SCDs
LUPAs
800 MW
km
0
5
10
20
City C
2
1
1
3
3
5
1
2
2
4
BCAs SCDs LUPAs
18.11
Study region employed to exemplify the presented model.
Three sources affect the three cities, which are interconnected by
lifeline networks such as the EPN and WSS shown in the fi gure.
(between pages 452 and 453), of which 86 are vulnerable, in the sense that
contain buildings of either one or both of the above typologies.
Infrastructural systems
The three cities are served by two utility networks, an EPN and a WSS. The
EPN consists of 25 nodes, including three non-vulnerable nodes, i.e. two
generators and the slack bus. There are a total of 34 buses; this number is
larger than the number of nodes because in transformation/distribution
stations there are two buses, one on each side of the transformers at differ-
ent voltages. This is because sub-stations are modelled in detail with all their
internal components in order to capture SCs, damage propagation, and
intermediate operational states. A total of 67 edges completes the network
model (including the edges that are used to connect buses within stations).
The two power generation nodes, linked to transformation/distribution sta-
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