Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
community action, critical refl ection and problem solving skills, fl exibility
and creativity, collective effi cacy, empowerment and political partnerships
(Norris
et al.
, 2008).
Economic development
dimension
includes both the
static assessment of a community's current economy (economic activity)
and the dynamic assessment of a community's ability to continuously sustain
economic growth (economic development).
Social/cultural capital dimension
incorporates several subcategories,
including education services, child and elderly services, cultural and heritage
services, and community participation. Measuring social/cultural capital
requires acquisition of tallies, such as the number of members belonging to
various civil and community organizations. It also requires surveys of com-
munity leaders and their perceptions (e.g. quality of life surveys).
Further details about the description of each one of these dimensions can
be found in Renschler
et al.
(2010, 2011). The general framework at the
community level is described by equations below, where for each dimension
a performance indicator and/or functionality is defi ned by combining with
different functionality dimensions:
()
=
(
)
Qt
QQQQQQQQ
v
,
,
,
,
,
,
[11.5]
TOT
TOT
P
En
O
Ph
L
Eco
S
where
Q
TOT
functionality of each of the
seven dimensions. Within each dimension, functionality is defi ned as a com-
bination of functionalities of their respective subsystems. For example, the
functionality of the physical infrastructure
Q
ph
is defi ned as follows:
Qt
=
global functionality; and
Q
x
=
(
)
()
=
QQ
,
Q Q
,
,
Q
,...
[11.6]
Ph
Ph
Hosp
Ele
Road
Water
where
Q
hosp
=
functionality of health care facilities;
Q
Ele
=
functionality of
the electric network;
Q
Road
functionality of the water network, etc. Once the geographic scale is defi ned,
it is possible to plot the global functionality
Q
TOT
over the region of interest
in a contour plot at a given instant of time
t
, so
time-dependent functionality
maps
of the region can be obtained. When also the temporal scale is defi ned
through the control time
T
LC
, then the
resilience contour map
of the region
of interest can be plotted (e.g. Fig. 11.3; Fig. 11.15). The
resilience contour
map
is obtained by integrating functionality maps over time using Equa-
tion (11.5), therefore they will be
time independent
, but they will vary in
space from point to point in the selected region. Finally, the community
resilience index
R
com
is given by the double integral over time and space as
follows:
=
functionality of the road network;
Q
Water
=
t
+
T
OE
LC
∫
()
∫
∫
()(
)
R
=
R r
A
d
r
=
Qt
A T
d d
t r
[11.7]
com
C
TOT
CLC
A
A
t
C
C
OE
where
A
c
is the total area of the selected region. For each dimension, a
contour plot can be determined and combined using a layered approach as
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