Techniques, Technologies and Patents Related to Intelligent Educational Systems - E-Infrastructures and Technologies for Lifelong Learning - page 18

responses . Patent (Rajaram, 2006) involves
natural language processing as it enables
a two-way conversation mode between
learner and system. Certain natural lan-
guage processing is involved in (Johnson
& Holder, 2003) since IES reads and inter-
prets solutions typed in by learner. The pat-
ent in (Johnson & Holder, 2008) involves
provision of dynamic natural language
responses through dynamic generation of
question-and-answer dialogue.
• Whether there is combination with an
LMS. The patent in (Chakraborty, 2006)
involves combination of AEHS and LMS
technologies.

• Whether the IES enables/supports/enhances
CL. The patent in (Chakraborty, 2006) sup-
ports CL through combination of AEHS
and LMS technologies. Also the patents in
(Beams & Harris, 2006; Beams & Harris,
2007) explicitly mention support of CL.

In the following, we briefly present represen-
tative patents on IES in corresponding sections.
Table 6 summarizes the representative patents on
IESs grouped by type. We group patents on IESs
in six types. This grouping is made in order to
focus the ensuing discussion on specific types of
patents. The following sections briefly present

Table 3. AI techniques and technologies employed in patents on IESs

Approach AI Technique(s)

(Johnson & Holder, 2003; Johnson & Holder, 2008; Beams & Harris, 2006; Beams & Harris,
2007; Babbitt et al., 2000; Ho & Tong, 1998; Heffernan & Koedinger, 2003; Heffernan & Koed-
inger, 2007; Bertrand, Zorba & Conant, 2002; Bertrand, O'Connor & Rosenfeld, 2004; Bertrand
& Nichols, 2006; Bertrand & Wills, 2008; Nichols, 2004; Lannert et al. 2006; Bertrand, Zorba &
Conant, 2006; Nichols, Gilchrist & Poon, 2006; Bloom, 1997)

Rules

(Rajaram, 2006) Natural Language Processing

(Chakraborty, 2006) Bayesian classification

(Frasson & Gouarderes, 2002) Intelligent agents

(Goodkovsky, 2004; Goodkovsky, 2006) Fuzzy graph, Fuzzy logic

(Mitry, 2001) Neural networks

Table 4. Types of domains to which patents on IESs are applicable

Approach Type of Domain

(Goodkovsky, 2004; Chakraborty, 2006; Goodkovsky, 2006; Rajaram,
2006; Ho & Tong, 1998; Frasson & Gouarderes, 2002)

Any type of domain

(Johnson & Holder, 2003; Johnson & Holder, 2008; Heffernan &
Koedinger, 2003; Heffernan & Koedinger, 2007)

Domains involving problems solved in steps

(Babbitt et al., 2000) Domains involving simulations or tutoring in a simulator

(Beams & Harris, 2006; Beams & Harris, 2007; Bertrand, Zorba &
Conant, 2002; Bertrand, O'Connor & Rosenfeld, 2004; Bertrand &
Nichols, 2006; Bertrand & Wills, 2008; Nichols, 2004; Lannert et al.
2006; Bertrand, Zorba & Conant, 2006; Nichols, Gilchrist & Poon,
2006)

Domains involving simulations and specifically tutoring in a
real business simulated environment

Domains involving life-like simulations depicted within a
natural attraction

(Mitry, 2001)

Training of Customer Service Representatives in a simulated
environment

(Bloom et al., 1997)